Inappropriate behavior of receptionist эссе

One of the downsides to every company’s greatest resources, their human capital, is inappropriate employee behavior that can often occur. How can employers minimize inappropriate behavior in the workplace and diminish liability? We live in a time where some behaviors are common…
We casually refer to gossip as “water cooler talk” or laugh at off-color jokes without a second thought. This behavior can destroy employee morale and poison the work environment. Employers should strive to provide an atmosphere in which all employees can perform without the threat of harassment, physical or emotional harm. Consider each of these four easy steps when addressing issues of inappropriate behavior in the workplace:

Step 1: Identify Inappropriate Behavior:
Inappropriate behavior should not be subjective or questionable. Clearly identify any behaviors that you feel are inappropriate for your office and give clear guidelines in your employee handbook on consequences for the behavior, up to and including termination. Common inappropriate behaviors include, but are not limited to:
Inappropriate Dress – This includes anything outside of the dress code stated in your employee handbook. You should be very specific when discussing expectations for dress including skirt lengths, types of shoes and even types of clothes allowed or prohibited during “casual dress” days.
Workplace Aggression – The repeated mistreatment of one or more employees with a malicious mix of humiliation, intimidation and sabotage of performance. Often times a bully will use rumors, innuendos and public discrediting to create an unproductive, potentially hostile work environment and may gather others to participate. According to the Workplace Bullying Institute, 37% of American workers have been bullied at work.
Disruptive Behavior – This broad category can include yelling, tantrums, bullying, displaying the need for excessive control, disregard of duty and insubordination.
Gossip – Rumors of an intimate nature that have no bearing or relevance to company goals.
Step 2: Educate Your Staff:
Give all managers appropriate learning tools to identify what is inappropriate in the workplace and establish company policy for handling such behavior. Be clear on what behaviors are illegal in addition to inappropriate. Be very specific on whom to approach and what to document when these situations arise. Many times, taking proactive steps to coach employees regarding their inappropriate conduct can prevent situations that can escalate to a hostile work environment and unlawful harassment.
Make sure employees know what behaviors are and are not acceptable in the workplace. Many times, situations can be avoided by announcing expectations right away. Additionally, employees should be able to comfortably approach their manager about inappropriate behaviors observed without punishment. Consider instructing employees how to report inappropriate behavior to upper management.
Step 3: Lead by Example:
Executives and management should set the tone for acceptable behavior in the workplace. It’s hard to enforce policies if leadership is not adhering to them. Make sure you walk the talk.
Step 4: Consistently Enforce Your Policies:
Be consistent with when and how you enforce your policies. Behaviors are a tricky subject and become even more difficult to punish when one person gets away with displaying them but another does not. Disciplining inconsistently can lead to discrimination claims. Consult your human resource representative to ensure your employee handbook establishes progressive disciplinary procedures.

When in doubt about handling any of these steps, consult your human resource representative or employment law specialist. It is very important to manage inappropriate behavior in the workplace to avoid legal disputes and low employee morale. An optimal workplace will prove far more productive.

Methodological recommendations for Summative Assessment on the subject «The English language»

Grade 11

(natural-mathematical direction)

Nur-Sultan 2020

 Methodological recommendations for Summative Assessment are designed to assist teachers in planning, organising and carrying out Summative Assessment in the subject of «The English language» for the Grade 11 learners of upper secondary level education of the Natural- Mathematical direction on the updated content.

 Methodological recommendations are aligned with the Subject Programme and Long-term plan. Summative Assessment in Grade 11 is conducted in Terms 1, 2, 3 and 4.

 Summative Assessment Tasks for unit/cross curricular unit will allow teachers to determine the level of the learning objectives achievement planned for the term. Methodological recommendations comprise tasks, assessment criteria with descriptors and marks for conducting Summative Assessment across the unit/cross curricular unit. Also, this document includes possible levels of the learners’ academic achievement (rubrics). Tasks with descriptors and marks can be considered as recommendations.

 Methodological recommendations are designed for secondary school teachers, school administrations, educational departments’ seniors, regional and school coordinators in criteria-based assessment and others.

 Free access to the Internet resources such as pictures, cartoons, photos, texts, video and audio materials, etc. have been used in designing these Methodological recommendations.

CONTENTS

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT TASKS FOR TERM 1

Summative assessment for the unit «Making connections in biology»

Learning objectives

11.2.1

Understand the main points in unsupported extended talk

on a wide range of general and curricular topics,

including talk on a growing range of unfamiliar topics

11.2.5

Recognize the attitude or opinion of the speaker(s) in

unsupported extended talk on a wide range of general

and curricular topics, including talk on a growing range

of unfamiliar topics

11.3.2

Ask and respond with appropriate syntax and vocabulary

to open-ended higher-order thinking questions on a range

ofgeneralandcurriculartopics,includingsome

unfamiliar topics

Assessment criteria

  • Identify the main information
  • Identify speaker’s opinion
  • Answer questions with appropriate vocabulary and syntax

Level of thinking skills

Knowledge and comprehension Application

Duration

20 minutes

Listening

Task 1. Listen to a radio programme in which a presenter is talking to a forester about moths and Choose the correct answer to the questions.

Follow the link to listen https://www.examenglish.com/B2/b2_listening_environment.htm

  • The caterpillars of the oak processionary moth are harmful to trees because…
    • they spread disease
    • they eat leaves
    • they weaken the wood.
  • The caterpillars of the oak processionary moth…
    • cannot harm human health
    • can cause minor health problems in humans
    • can cause serious health problems in humans
  • The nest of the oak processionary moth caterpillar is…
    • a. round and grey, with a diameter of a few centimetres to a couple of feet
    • round and grey, and can be seen about 2 feet up the side of a tree
    • round and grey, and no bigger than a golf ball
  • Mike blames new insect infestations on…
    • imports and climate change
    • climate change and new agricultural practices
    • imports and new agricultural practices
  • Mike mentions the citrus longhorn beetle as an example of…
    • a pest which was contained thanks to government funding
    • a pest which was contained thanks to help from the public
    • a pest which was not contained due to lack of funding
  • Mike recommends logging onto his website in order to…
    • see pictures of moths and other pests
    • get details of a training programme
    • report the health of trees in your local area

Speaking

Task 2. Choose a card and provide your answer on topic. You will have 1 minute to prepare your talk. You should speak at least 2 minutes.

Card 1

Describe an animal you saw, which you find very interesting. You should say:

What it is

Where you saw it What it looks like

Card 2

Describe an animal that lives in the wild in your country. You should say:

What it looks like What its habits are

How it interacts with people

And say if you think there will be more or less

Card 3

Describe your favourite animal. You Should Say:

What kind of animal it is Describe it briefly

Why you like the animal

and describe why it is your favourite animal.

Card 4

Talk about a pet that you or someone you know once had. You should say:

what kind of animal it was what kind of care it needed

what you liked/ disliked about it

and explain why this is a popular type of pet.

Card 5

Describe your favourite bird. You should say:

what it is

what it looks like

is it a common bird in your country

Assessment criteria

Task

Mark

Identifythemain information

Identifyspeaker’s opinion

1

1. chooses B

2. chooses B

3. chooses A

4. chooses A

5. chooses B

6. chooses B

Answerquestions

withappropriate vocabulary and syntax

2

answers the whole questions on the card;

provides examples and clarification;

pronounces words and phrases clearly;

uses vocabulary words on the topic;

uses an appropriate tense.

Total marks

11

 Rubrics for providing information to parents on the results of Summative Assessment for the unit «Making connections in biology»

Learner’s name

Assessment criteria

Level of learning achievements

Low

Identify the main information Identify speaker’s opinion

Experiences difficulties in choosing an appropriate answer while identifying main idea and speaker’s opinion in extended talk.

Makes mistakes in choosing an appropriate answer while identifying main idea and speaker’s opinion in extended talks.

Confidently chooses answer while identifying main idea and speaker’s opinion in extended talks.

Answer questions with appropriate vocabulary and syntax

Experiences difficulties in answering the questions in a proper tense. Does not answer the most questions on the card. Experiences challenges in demonstrating rich and vivid vocabulary in talking about the topic. Feels troubles to state the point of view.

Makes grammar mistakes in his/her speech. Does not answer some questions on the card. Demonstrates insufficient use of rich and vivid vocabulary. States his/her point of view uncertainly without good reasoning.

Confidently speaks on the topic giving an extended response using appropriate vocabulary and grammar structures.

Confidently demonstrates rich and vivid vocabulary in talking about the topic.

Transcript

Presenter: Now, I have with me in the studio today Mike Douglas, who has been out and about earlier this week collecting caterpillars from oak trees, is that right?

Mike: Yes that’s right.

Presenter: And I understand that you aren’t collecting these caterpillars in order to conserve them, are you?

Mike: Absolutely not. The caterpillars I’ve been collecting are from a kind of moth called the oak processionary moth. These caterpillars can cause huge amounts of damage to trees – they can strip all the leaves from an oak tree leaving it completely bare, weakening the tree considerably.

Presenter: A whole oak tree?

Mike: Yes, they are extremely destructive. They can also harm humans. Touching them or their nests can give you a nasty rash, and even give you a sore throat, or cause breathing difficulties and eye problems.

Presenter: They sound nasty. How come I’ve never heard of them before?

Mike: Well, they’ve been in and around London since 2006. In some parts of west and south west London, unfortunately, we’ve lost the battle. The moths are here to stay and there’s nothing we can do about it. We’re working in the area around Croydon, where there’s been another outbreak, and we’re trying to contain it so it doesn’t spread any further.

Presenter: So how do you spot an oak processionary moth?

Mike: Well, the easiest thing to look out for is their nests. These look like a grey wart on the side of a tree. Some are about the size of a golf ball, while larger ones can be up to two feet in diameter.

Presenter: That’s huge!

Mike: It is. You can imagine how many caterpillars you can find in a nest that big. The other thing we are doing is setting traps for the moths, between July and September, to attract the adult moths. We’re doing this over a 2km area so we can monitor how far the moths are spreading, and make sure they aren’t flying beyond where we would expect them to be.

Presenter: Now, I understand that the oak processionary moth is not the only pest that you are worried about.

Mike: No, it’s not. There are many hundreds of pests that could have a terrible affect on our wildlife if they are not monitored correctly. As more and more products are brought in from other countries, rather than being produced here in the UK, more and more fungi, beetles, and moths are allowed to travel into new areas, while warmer temperatures are allowing them to survive and flourish where previously they were unable to. It’s believed that such pests as these are moving closer to the poles at a rate of around 3km a year. Some insects are moving even faster – at about 10km a year. The Pine processionary moth, for example, is gradually moving north through France and is now breeding close to Paris. We’ve already had outbreaks in the UK, which we’ve managed to contain. But if we don’t keep up the vigilance, it means that we could see the decline of some of our most important tree species.

Presenter: What can be done about that?

Mike: It’s hard. There’s very little government funding for this, so we are encouraging the public to be our eyes and ears.

Presenter: How can they do that?

Mike: Well, the public can help us spot these pests while they’re in their gardens, in parks, woodlands, generally out and about, and help us control the threats before they become too serious a problem. It’s not the first time we’ve asked the public to do this. Not long ago, there was an outbreak of citrus longhorn beetles, which sometimes arrive on trees and shrubs from Asia, or in packing crates, and a number of these were spotted by vigilant members of the public and the threat was intercepted.

Presenter: And if you’re unable to contain the oak processionary moth problem?

Mike: Well, we may well face a real problem. In the 1970s Britain lost all its elm trees to Dutch elm disease, altering the landscape significantly. We could see the same thing happen again.

Presenter: But are the general public really knowledgeable enough to identify what is a tree disease, or a threat to a tree, and what is just – natural dieback?

Mike: No, in most cases not, and that’s why we’ve launched a training programme to train volunteers in what to look out for so that we can put together a national picture of tree health. People who are interested in becoming a volunteer can log onto our website for details of their nearest training programme.

Presenter: Thanks very much indeed, Mike, for coming in to talk to us about this very worthy programme. Now it’s time for our weekly …

Summative assessment for the unit

«Investigate and report on animal world: bats, eagles, bees and dolphins»

Learning objectives

11.4.3

11.5.1

11.5.4

Skim a range of lengthy texts with speed to identify content meriting closer reading on a range of more complex and abstract, general and curricular topics Plan, write, edit and proofread work at text level independently on a wide range of general and curricular topics

Use style and register to achieve an appropriate degree of formality in a wide variety of written genres on general and curricular topics

Assessment criteria

  • Define and explain facts and opinions
  • Create an outline of a text; create coherent text for a range of purposes
  • Produce a text in a range of styles and genres, the emphasis being on formal and academic writing

Level of thinking skills

Knowledge and comprehension Application

Higher order thinking skills

Duration

20 minutes

Reading

Task 1. Read the following article and answer the questions that follow. Refer to the text to check your answers when appropriate.

A Mighty Flier by Kelly Hashway

 What is two inches tall, can hover in mid-air, and flies in every direction including backwards? It’s not an insect. The answer is the bee hummingbird.

 Most hummingbirds are about three to five inches long. But the bee hummingbird is only five centimeters, or approximately two inches, making it the smallest species of

bird alive today. Really it isn’t bigger than a large insect. But don’t let its tiny body fool you. This bird is a fierce flier. It can beat its wings up to 80 times per second. If you ever see one in flight, you’ll notice its wings are just a blur to the human eye. Hummingbirds are also the only vertebrates that can hover in one place. Add to that being able to fly backwards and upside down, and these creatures are amazing flying machines.

 And being a master flier isn’t the only one of the bee hummingbird’s talents. The bee hummingbird does a great job performing its part in plant reproduction. During the course of a single day, the bee hummingbird can visit up to 1,500 flowers. And just like a bee, when the bee hummingbird drinks nectar from the flowers, pollen is transferred from the flower to the bird’s body. This pollen is carried to the next flower. Transferring pollen from one flower to another helps plants make seeds.

 Besides drinking nectar, bee hummingbirds eat insects. In fact, they eat about half their body mass each day. But what’s more impressive is that they drink eight times their body mass every day. This is why they live in areas where there are gardens and shrubbery. These tiny birds are found primarily in Cuba, but some have been spotted in Jamaica and Haiti as well.

Despite its size, there’s no arguing that the bee hummingbird is a mighty flier.

  • How do hummingbirds help flowering plants?
    • They give the flowering plants energy.
    • They help flowering plants make seeds and reproduce.
    • They build their nests in flowering plants.
    • They drink pollen in the flowers.
  • The bee hummingbird is about as large as….
    • a flea
    • a bee
    • a dragonfly
    • a sparrow
  • If you ever see a hummingbird in flight, you may have a difficult time seeing the wings. They would look blurry. Why?
  • What do hummingbirds drink?
    • pollen
    • insects
    • flowers
    • nectar
  • In which countries do bee hummingbirds live?

Writing

Task 2. In the article, “A Mighty Flier,” you learned about the world’s smallest bird, the bee hummingbird. Write a short essay in which you compare and contrast the hummingbird to any other type of bird. In your writing, list five ways the hummingbird is similar to other bird you choose. Then, list five ways a hummingbird is different from the other bird.

You should

  • Brainstorm Similarities and Differences
  • Use the following organization of the essay

an introduction which clearly defines the topic to be covered; the main body, in which the topic is further developed in detail;

the conclusion – summary of the topic or a final opinion, recommendation or comment.

  • Use Words and Short Phrases to Compare like

likewise same as as well as also, too

  • Use Words and Short Phrases to Contrast unlike

in contrast to as opposed to

different from whereas

Assessment criteria

Task

Mark

Define and explain facts and opinions

1

1. B. They help flowering plants make seeds

and reproduce;

2. C. a dragonfly;

3. The wings beat so fast the human eye cannot see them. (Accept any appropriate

answer);

4. D. nectar;

5.Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti (One point is given if

all three countries are written);

Create an outline of a text;

writes an essay according to the outline;

1

Create coherent text for a

uses Present Simple Tense correctly;

1

range of purposes

uses appropriate vocabulary;

Produce a text in a range of styles and genres, the emphasis being on formal and academic writing

2

lists five ways the hummingbird is similar to

other bird;

lists five ways a hummingbird is different from

the other bird;

uses words and short phrases to contrast and

compare;

1

uses formal style of writing.

1

Total marks

12

Rubrics for providing information to parents on the results of Summative Assessment for the unit

 «Investigate and report on animal world: bats, eagles, bees and dolphins» Learner’s name

Assessment criteria

Level of learning achievements

Low

Defineandexplainfactsand opinions

Experiences challenges in providing an explanation for the questions and interpreting the content of a text.

Experiences some difficulties in providing an explanation for the questions and interpreting the content of a text. Makes mistakes in identifying the right answer in the multiple-choice task and providing explanation for 1) B. They help flowering plants make seeds and reproduce.2) C. a dragonfly, 3) The wings beat so fast the human eye cannot see them, 4) D. nectar,5)Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, 6)2 grams x 8 = 16 grams

 Confidently interprets the content of a text and gives an appropriateexplanation. Choose multiple choice answers correctly and write an explanation where possible.

Create an outline of a text; Create coherent text for a range of purposes

Lacks in writing an essay based on the plan, has difficulties in conveying ideas clearly and logically, in using appropriate vocabulary,basic conjunctions and linking words, in using grammar (Present Simple Tense).

Makes mistakes in writing an essay based on the plan, in presenting ideas logically and clearly, in using appropriate vocabulary and grammar (Present Simple Tense), in using basic conjunctions and linking words.

Uses wide range of grammar, vocabulary, basic conjunctions and linking words within the task set, ideas fulfill the requirements of the task.

Produce a text in a range of styles and genres, the emphasis being on formal and academic writing

Experiences difficulties in selecting appropriate language and producing a text in formal and academic writing.

Experiences some difficulties in selecting appropriate language means according to a given genre and register

Confidently produces a text in a range of styles and genres, the emphasis being on formal and academic writing

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT TASKS FOR TERM 2

Summative assessment for the unit «Human brain»

Learning objectives

11.2.4

11.3.3

 Understand implied meaning in unsupported extended talk on a wide range of general and curricular topics, including talk on a growing range of unfamiliar topics Explain and justify own and others’ point of view on a range of general and curricular topics, including some unfamiliar topics

Assessment criteria

  • Identify hidden meaning of the content
  • Explain own viewpoints, analyze and critically evaluate arguments, viewpoints, attitudes and perspectives

Level of thinking skills

Knowledge and comprehension Higher order thinking skills

Duration

20 minutes

Listening

Task 1. Listen to the interview and choose the four true sentences.

Follow the link to listen https://learnenglishteens.britishcouncil.org/skills/listening/upper- intermediate-b2-listening/how-improve-your-memory

How to improve your memory

  • We all use memory in the same way.
  • We learn to use our memory as soon as we are born.
  • There are two different forms of memorisation.
  • We are taught how to improve our memory in history lessons.
  • Writing shopping lists can improve your memory.
  • Teaching helps us to memorise.
  • We can train our brains to be more effective.
  • We can only use one image at a time as an aid to memorization.

Speaking

Task 2. With a partner, discuss the questions below.

  • What are some activities or skills that were difficult for you at first, but are easy for you now (e.g., riding a bicycle)?
  • Do you agree that exercise improves your mood? Explain.
  • Do you think that exercise helps you study or solve problems more easily? Explain.

Assessment criteria

Task

Mark

Identifywhathas been communicated

1

1.We all use memory in the same way.

3. There are two different forms of memorisation.

6. Teaching helps us to memorise.

7. We can train our brains to be more effective.

Analyze and critically evaluate arguments, viewpoints, attitudes and perspectives

2

conveys extended opinion;

provides reasoning, examples and evidence;

comments on pair’s opinion;

uses a wide range of appropriate vocabulary to give

and exchange views;

uses a wide range of grammar structures;

pronounces words and phrases correctly;

Total marks

10

Rubrics for providing information to parents on the results of Summative Assessment for the unit «Human brain»

Learner’s name

Assessment criteria

Level of learning achievements

Low

Identifywhathasbeen communicated

Experiences challenges in identifying the position of speakers in the content of a conversation.

Makes mistakes in identifying the position of speakers in the content of a conversation. Completes the task with errors:

1. We all use memory in the same way.

3. There are two different forms of memorisation.

  • Teaching helps us to memorise.
  • We can train our brains to be more effective.

Confidently identifies the position of speakers in the content of a conversation.

Chooses four true sentences correctly.

Analyze and critically evaluate arguments, viewpoints, attitudes and perspectives

Experiences difficulties in maintaining a conversation/speech and making relevant contribution, in demonstrating rich and vivid vocabulary in a talk, in stating point of view. Pronounces words and phrases clearly.

Maintains a conversation/speech and makes relevant contribution irresolutely.

Makes mistakes in using rich and vivid vocabulary in a talk. States his/her point of view uncertainly without good reasoning. Makes some mistakes in pronunciation.

Confidently maintains a conversation/speech and makes relevantcontribution. Confidently demonstrates rich and vivid vocabulary in a talk. Expresses his/her viewpoints clearly. Pronounces words and expressions correctly.

Transcript

Mary: I’d like to welcome Charles Long to the studio today. Charles has just published an article in New Science journal about memorisation. It’s all about how to make our memory function better.

Charles, exam time is looming and there’ll be lots of teenagers tuning in today. Can you give us some advice about improving our ability to memorise?

Charles: Hello! Yes, of course. I’d like to start by talking about the process of memorisation. It’s vital that we understand the process if we want to make adjustments to the way we function. We all use memory in the same way. It doesn’t matter whether you’re a student revising for your finals or an adult standing in the aisle of a supermarket, trying to recall a particular item from a grocery list. Mary: Ha ha! That’s me. I always forget to take my list.

Charles: You and thousands of other people too, Mary. We learn to use our memory when we are still at nursery school. Young children are naturally very good at working out how to remember things. The tips I’m going to share today are based on the things we used to do to help us remember when we were children. The process of memorisation occurs in two distinct forms. Do you know what they are?

Mary: Are they ‘long-term memory’ and ‘short-term memory’?

Charles: That’s right! But these aren’t completely separate concepts. We use a combination of both types of memory when we want to formulate our thoughts and recall information, whether we’re trying to remember something from a decade ago or just an hour earlier.

Mary: So what tips have you got for improving the quality of our memory?

Charles: Right. Let’s start with ‘association’.

Mary: Association?

Charles: Yes. We can use word association to remember an idea or a concept. This means choosing a word or phrase you associate with what you are trying to remember. The word needs to be something familiar, that you come into contact with on a daily basis. So, for example, you can use the name of your pet dog to remember a scientific equation. Try it! Read the equation a few times and then say your dog’s name again and again. Later, in your science exam, just recall the name and the whole equation should come back to you.

Mary: It sounds too good to be true! What else, Charles?

Charles: Visualisation is another trick we can use. So you have to visualise an image that is connected to the thing you need to remember. For example, if you want to remember the date that the Berlin Wall came down, you might visualise a picture of a wall with the date written on it in graffiti. The image of the wall becomes an important part of what you will remember. You can use several images in a row to remember things like information in a text or a list of ingredients for a recipe.

Mary: Yes, that makes sense.

Charles: Singing can help with memorisation too.

Mary: Singing?

Charles: Yeah. So instead of reading a text aloud, you sing it. Singing is one of most effective and earliest memory tricks that are used for learning new concepts. I used to ‘sing’ lists of historical facts and dates. It works.

Mary: And did you have to sing aloud in your history exams?

Charles: Not aloud! But I did used to sing in my head. And I always got good marks for history.

Mary: Any more tips, Charles?

Charles: Yes! I’ve saved the best one till last. It’s particularly relevant for any students who have tuned in. ‘Teach it’.

Mary: Teach it? Teach ‘what’?

Charles: Teach whatever it is that you want to remember. So, if you’re studying for an English exam, teach the concepts to someone else. It can be a real person — a friend in a study group is ideal

  • or it can be a ‘pretend’ person. You can just imagine someone is listening to you as you teach. Better still, record yourself ‘teaching’ and then play back the video to revise the material further.

Mary: That sounds like a great tip … or ‘trick’.

Charles: Yes, it really works because in order to teach something you need to understand it. Teaching reinforces the understanding. And although these sound like ‘tricks’, they aren’t really.

Mary: No?

Charles: No. They are just simple ways that we can train our brains to be more effective. By getting into the habit of using word association, visualisation, singing and teaching, our brains develop and work better for us. And of course that has a knock-on effect on our memory and our abilities to recall all kinds of data.

Mary: Thank you, Charles. Now, I think we’ve got time for a couple of questions from our listeners.

Summative assessment for the unit «Investigate and report on timekeeping devices»

Learning objectives

11.4.1

11.4.7

11.5.1

Understand complex and abstract main points in extended texts on a wide range of familiar and unfamiliar general and curricular topics

Recognize patterns of development in lengthy texts [inter-paragraph level] on a range of more complex and abstract general and curricular topics

Plan, write, edit and proofread work at text level independently on a wide range of general and curricular topics

Assessment criteria

  • Summarize main information from the text
  • Identify the organization of information in the text
  • Create coherent paragraph for a range of purposes; Develop a topic with well-chosen, relevant facts

Level of thinking skills

Knowledge and comprehension Application

Duration

20 minutes

Reading

Task 1. Read the text and be ready to answer the questions.

Timekeeping: Why We Need Clocks and Calendars

By David Christian, Big History Project, adapted by Newsela staff

 All life forms come with their own way of keeping track of time. However, no other species does it better than humans. People have more ways of marking time, and they do it more precisely.

Why bother to keep time?

 Why do people need clocks and calendars? The answer may seem obvious. People need to know what others are doing and when they are doing it. They also need to know what is happening in nature. People who do not know the time or date will be out of sync with the world.

 It is not just modern humans who need to keep track of time. All living things must know the time to adjust to the world as it changes. Plants need to know when to blossom. Birds need to know when to fly south for the winter.

 Keeping track of time is very important. It is so important that, over time, humans have developed clocks in their bodies. The body clocks react to daylight and the seasons changing. They tell people not to wake up at 2 am, when it is dark outside.

What’s different about human time?

 Humans track time differently than other creatures. They have found more detailed ways to mark the time. To schedule work and keep track of history, humans have designed sophisticated clocks, calendars, and timetables. It was not always this way.

Keeping time in the Paleolithic era

 In early societies, it was easy to keep track of the time. Ancient people spent most of their time outside. They could watch the positions of the Sun and the stars.

 As early as 100,000 years ago, humans lived in South Africa’s Blombos Cave. In the cave, historians found pieces of ochre, an orange/red rock. The rocks had strange marks on them. It is

possible that the marks were used to keep track of passing time. More signs of early calendars come from about 40,000 years later. An American historian became fascinated by marks on ancient objects. He thought some of them were simple calendars. Maybe the marks were tracking the movement of the Moon, he thought.

Keeping time in agrarian societies

 Farming societies began to appear about 11,000 years ago. As they grew, they connected with other societies. Now they needed better ways to keep track of time. People who wanted to sell vegetables in a nearby town had to know when the markets were held. People needed calendars that everyone agreed on and shared.

 Early calendars were based on the Earth’s orbit around the Sun. One way to keep time was to watch the Sun’s shadow using sundials. A stick in the ground made a simple sundial.

 People also kept time using an invention called an hourglass. It was a glass container with sand inside it. The sand flowed through a narrow hole. People measured time by how long it took the sand to flow into the bottom of the glass.

 More complicated tools were used to track how the stars and planets moved. In England, there is an ancient monument made of giant stones called Stonehenge. The stones may have been arranged to keep track of the summer and winter solstices. These events take place twice a year. They mark the days when the Sun reaches its highest and lowest points in the sky.

 Ancient people like the Mayans and Romans invented detailed calendars. The calendars divided the year into sections. This helped people keep track of farming and Sun cycles.

Toward the modern era

 The German writer Norbert Elias saw a link between societies and clocks. He thought that as societies became larger, people needed better clocks. Bigger societies had more people. To link up their schedules, people had to think about time more carefully.

 Improved ways of keeping time were invented in different places. Monks needed to know when to pray, so they developed the ringing of bells. Travelers needed to schedule their movements more carefully. More and more complicated clocks were built. Some used carefully controlled drips of water. Others used falling weights.

 In 1714, the British government offered a prize to the first person who could build an accurate clock. The clock would have to keep time within two minutes. Clockmaker John Harrison spent most of his life on the job. He finally won the prize in 1773.

 In the 1800s, the invention of railroads and steamships made accuracy even more important. Now many more passengers could travel. More cargo could be shipped. Trains and ships had to leave and arrive on time. The first English train schedule was published in 1839. For the first time, different British cities needed to coordinate their clocks. They agreed on a standard time called Greenwich Mean Time.

 The world today requires even greater precision. Atomic clocks were invented to help. They measure time using signals sent by tiny particles called electrons. They are more accurate than any other kind of clock.

 Another breakthrough in timekeeping was particularly important for historians. An American scientist discovered a way to tell the age of very old objects. His method allows people to learn about time before humans existed. New dating methods have been developed since then. They can now reach back to the Big Bang, 13.8 billion years ago.

Answer these questions:

  • Which sentence from the text BEST summarizes a main idea of the article?
    • People have more ways of marking time, and they do it more precisely.
    • All living things must know the time to adjust to the world as it changes.
    • Ancient people spent most of their time outside.
    • Early calendars were based on the Earth’s orbit around the Sun.
  • What is the MAIN idea of the section «Keeping time in agrarian societies»?
    • Farming societies appeared about 11,000 years ago.
    • Farming societies needed a way to agree on market days.
    • Farming societies used different natural elements to tell time.
    • Farming societies built Stonehenge to track the Moon.
  • Which of the following answers BEST describes the organization of the article?
    • It is a comparison of different items.
    • It is in order of different time periods.
    • It has different causes and their effects.
    • It has different questions and their answers.
  • What is the purpose of the section «Toward the modern era»?
    • to explain how the first clocks were made
    • to prove that clocks took a long time to become popular
    • to compare clocks in Britain with clocks in America
    • to show that clocks have become increasingly important

Writing

Task 2. Write a short paragraph that explains the central idea of the article. Use at least two details from the article to support your response.

You should

    • present a clear strong claim/position with relevant and supported ideas;
    • evidence should be relevant to your claim/position;
    • explain the choice of your evidence (do your analysis)
    • link ideas logically and clearly, using basic conjunctions and linking words;
    • pay attention to spelling;

use appropriate topical vocabulary.

Assessment criteria

Task

Mark

Summarize main information from the text Identify the organization of information in the text

1

chooses 1-A

People have more ways of marking time, and they do it more precisely.

chooses 2-C

Farmingsocietiesuseddifferentnatural elements to tell time.

chooses 3- B

It is in order of different time periods.

chooses 4-D

to show that clocks have become increasingly important

Create coherent paragraph for a range of purposes; Develop a topic with well- chosen, relevant facts

2

presents a clear strong claim/position with

relevant and supported ideas;

provides evidence relevant to claim/position;

explains the choice of evidence;

links ideas logically and clearly, using basic

conjunctions and linking words;

pays attention to spelling;

uses appropriate topical vocabulary.

Total marks

10

 Rubrics for providing information to parents on the results of Summative Assessment for the unit «Investigate and report on timekeeping devices»

Learner’s name

Assessment criteria

Level of learning achievements

Low

Summarize main information from the text

Identifytheorganizationof information in the text

Experiences challenges in summarizing main information and identifying the organization of information in the text.

Experiences some difficulties in summarizingmaininformationand identifyingtheorganizationof information in the text:

1-A People have more ways of marking time, and they do it more precisely.

2-C Farming societies used different natural elements to tell time.

3- B It is in order of different time periods.

4-D to show that clocks have become increasingly important

Confidently finds and interprets the content of a text and gives an appropriate explanation.

Create coherent paragraph for a range of purposes; Develop a topic with well-chosen, relevant facts

Lacks in writing a short paragraph that explains the central idea of the article, has difficultiesin presenting a clear position/ claim with relevant and supported ideas, explaining the choice of the evidence, in conveying ideas clearly and logically (basic conjunctions and linking words), in using topical vocabulary.

Makes some typical mistakes in writing a short paragraph that explains the central idea of the article, has some difficulties in presenting a clear position/claim with relevant and supported ideas, explaining the choice of the evidence, in conveying ideas clearly and logically (basic conjunctions and linking words), in using topical vocabulary.

Writes a short paragraph with appropriate structure, presents a clear position claim with relevant and supported ideas. Explains the choice of the evidencesuccessfully. Conveys ideas clearly and logically (with basic conjunctions and linking words). Uses a wide range of topical vocabulary.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT TASKS FOR TERM 3

Summative assessment for the unit «Work and inventions»

Learning objectives

11.2.7

11.5.2

11.5.3

Understand speaker viewpoints and extend of explicit agreement between speakers on a range of general and curricular topics, including talk on a growing range of unfamiliar topics

Use a wide range of vocabulary, which is appropriate to topic and genre, and which is spelt accurately

Write with grammatical accuracy on a wide range of general and curricular topics

Assessment criteria

  • Identify the speakers’ viewpoint
  • Use topic-related vocabulary
  • Use a variety of grammar including some more complex structures

Level of thinking skills

Knowledge and comprehension Application

Duration

20 minutes

Listening

Task 1. You will hear five different people talking about the importance of modern inventions. For questions 1-5, choose from the list A-F the reason each speaker gives for the importance of the invention to them personally. Use the letters only once. There is one extra letter which you do not need to use.CD2. Tapescript 3.

  • Speaker 1A. It entertains me
  • Speaker 2B. It guarantees contact
  • Speaker 3C. It helps my memory
  • Speaker 4D. It provides an escape
  • Speaker 5E. It’s removed a pressure

F. It’s always with me

Task 2. Imagine you are in one of the following situations. (choose only one)

  • Rudeness of a waiter/waitress
  • Malfunction of a laptop
  • Wrong size of clothes ordered by the Internet
  • Inappropriate behavior of receptionist

Write a letter complaining to the company and asking for your money back.

Assessment criteria

Task

Mark

Identify the speakers’ viewpoint

1

chooses F

chooses E

chooses D

chooses B

chooses C

Use topic-related vocabulary

Use a variety of grammar including some more complex structures

2

uses a range of appropriate formal vocabulary;

conveys ideas clearly;

makes an argument and gives reasons;

uses the phrases that express the opinion;

follows the structure of a letter;

writes grammatically correct sentences;

shows a good degree of control of a range of simple and some complex grammatical forms.

Total marks

12

Rubrics for providing information to parents on the results of Summative Assessment for the unit «Work and inventions»

Learner’s name

Assessment criteria

Level of learning achievements

Low

Identify the speakers’ viewpoint

Experiences difficulties in identifying the speaker’s thesis statement or the main idea while listening to the recording.

Experiences some difficulties in identifying the speaker’s thesis statement or the main idea while listening to the recording: 1-F; 2-E; 3- D; 4-B;5-C.

Identifies the speaker’s thesis statement or the main idea and selects the right answers while listening to the recording.

Differentiate between the formal and informal language registers Useavarietyofgrammar including some more complex structures

Experiences difficulties in differentiating between the formal and informal language registers.

Makes many grammar and spelling mistakes that impede understanding of the piece of writing.

Experiences some difficulties in differentiating between the formal and informal language registers.

Writes a letter of complaint but makes some grammar and spelling mistakes that do not impede understanding of the piece of writing.

Demonstrates the ability in differentiating between the formal and informal language registers.

Shows a good degree of control of a range of simple and some complex grammatical forms, uses a range of appropriate vocabulary.

Transcript

Speaker 1 I used to think that television was the most brilliant invention because you could sit in an armchair and have a window on the world. But in the last couple of years I’ve changed my mind. For me now the best thing ever is the mobile phone. I mean they used to be so heavy and not that attractive to carry around but now they are tiny and light. I never go anywhere without mine – and you can buy personalized covers and even change the covers to match what you’re wearing. Some of my friends are so cool they dye their hair to match their phones –and their watch straps as well! I mean, how amazing is that?!

Speaker 2 There are so many things that I think I couldn’t live without, my mum moans at me because I can’t be bothered to cook. But I mean, who needs to cook when there are so many take- away places? Nor can I imagine life without radio and TV. But if there’s one thing that has made a big difference to my life, it’s the cash machine. I can relax about getting money and not rush around trying to get to a bank before it closes. I was always running out of cash but now any time of day or night I can turn up at a hole-in-the-wall, put my card in and magic, there’s the money, no hassle!

Speaker 3 I know there are all sorts of wonderful inventions and it’s easy to take everything for granted, like electricity. Life as we know it would be impossible without it. I mean, we depend on it for almost everything. But for me personally, it’s the car which I think has massively changed people’s lives. I know that holidays in space are more or less a reality now and you can reach any part of the world by plane but it’s the ease of the car, the fact that it offers you such freedom. Like, you wake up in the morning and think, “where would I like to go to today?” and you just do it!

Speaker 4 I think some inventions are such fun. All these computer games, I really love them. And the fact that they’re hand-held is great. They help me relax when I’m feeling stressed and take my mind off whatever is worrying me. Although, I suppose I could live without them if I had to. But there’s no way I could live without my email. When we all left school last year, I made sure I had everyone’s email address and that means we all keep in touch and get to meet up with each other. And if we can’t meet, then at least we know each other’s news and what we’re all doing.

Speaker 5 I hate being without my electric toothbrush. But I know that’s silly because most people use an ordinary toothbrush and never think twice about it. But there is one invention which has really saved my life and that’s my electronic diary. My girlfriend bought me one because she got so fed-up with me forgetting arrangements. I have no excuse now for forgetting anything; even her birthday is programmed into it. They used to be dead expensive but now they’ve come down in price and I use mine all the time.

Summative assessment for the units «STEM» and «Reading for Pleasure»

Learning objectives

11.4.6

11.3.4

11.3.6

Recognise the attitude, opinion and tone of the writer in extended texts on a range of more complex and abstract general and curricular topics

Evaluate and comment on the views of others in a growing variety of talk contexts on a wide range of general and curricular topics, including some unfamiliar topics

Navigate talk and modify language through paraphrase and correction in talk on a wide range of familiar and some unfamiliar general and curricular topics

Assessment criteria

  • Identify the author’s intention in text
  • Analyze and critically evaluate arguments, provide opinions using appropriate vocabulary and grammar structures
  • Give a full extended response maintaining control, improving fluency and accuracy of speaking using appropriate vocabulary and grammar structures

Level of thinking skills

Knowledge and comprehension Application

Duration

20 minutes

Reading

Task 1. Read the article and be ready to answer the questions.

New solar panels can produce power from both the sun and rain

 Solar panels need the sun in order to make electricity. A new solar panel, however, also creates electricity from falling rain. It produces power even when it is cloudy or the sun has set.

 More and more people are using solar energy. The costs have gone down almost 90 percent in the last 10 years. In many parts of the world, it is the cheapest form of electricity. However, the solar power output can fall under gray skies. Scientists are working to squeeze even more electricity from the panels.

 Scientists demonstrated the new solar panel at Soochow University in China. The panel has two new polymer layers on top of a regular solar panel cell. The polymers are thin and are like plastic. They make electricity when raindrops roll off of them. The electricity comes from the water rubbing against the surface.

 “Our device can always generate electricity in any daytime weather,” said Baoquan Sun, a scientist at Soochow University. “In addition, this device even provides electricity at night if there is rain.”

Adding Tengs To Solar Panels

 Other scientists have recently added new devices to solar panels. The new devices are called Tengs. The Soochow design is much simpler, however. One of the polymer layers carries electricity for both the Teng and the solar cell. This means the device is much lighter than others.

 “Due to our unique device design, it becomes a lightweight device,” said Sun. His team wants to build the panels into soft things like electronic clothing. However, the scientists still need to improve the panel’s electrical output. Sun wants to produce a model of his new solar cell in three

to five years.

 Other scientists in China have also used Tengs on solar cells. These Tengs harvest some power from the wind, an approach Sun said could be added to his device.

 Varun Sivaram works for the Council on Foreign Relations in the United States. He has also written a book on solar power. He thinks Sun’s idea is interesting and likes that one source of energy, water, does not hurt the other.

Rain Doesn’t Produce Much Power

 However, Sivaram said the power from falling rain needs to be much higher. Right now, it does not really change how much power the panel creates. “It’s really not clear whether this is a big deal or not – I suspect it’s not.”

 Professor Keith Barnham teaches at Imperial College London. He said the new rain-powered device has some advantages. It is small and works well. However, he pointed out that wind power would probably work better with the solar panels. “Wind power is clearly the most effective and complementary power source to PV – and it works equally well in the rain!”

 Solar panels may one day be made out of softer material. Scientists are also studying artificial photosynthesis. Artificial photosynthesis uses sunlight to produce liquid and gas fuels.

  • Read the introduction [paragraphs 1-4].

Which selection explains a problem with regular solar panels?

    • More and more people are using solar energy. The costs have gone down almost 90 percent in the last 10 years. In many parts of the world, it is the cheapest form of electricity.
    • However, the solar power output can fall under gray skies. Scientists are working to squeeze even more electricity from the panels.
    • Scientists demonstrated the new solar panel at Soochow University in China. The panel has two new polymer layers on top of a regular solar panel cell.
    • The polymers are thin and are like plastic. They make electricity when raindrops roll off of them. The electricity comes from the water rubbing against the surface.
  • Read the section «Adding Tengs To Solar Panels.»

Which sentence explains HOW the Soochow design is different from the Teng device?

    • Other scientists have recently added new devices to solar panels.
    • One of the polymer layers carries electricity for both the Teng and the solar cell.
    • Sun wants to produce a model of his new solar cell in three to five years.
    • Other scientists in China have also used Tengs on solar cells.
  • What do Baoquan Sun and Keith Barnham AGREE on in the article?
    • Sun’s new solar panels are powerful enough.
    • Wind power is the most effective power source.
    • The small size of the new panel is an advantage.
    • Solar power is the most effective power source.
  • Read the paragraph below from the section «Adding Tengs To Solar Panels.»

“Due to our unique device design, it becomes a lightweight device,” said Sun. His team wants to build the panels into soft things like electronic clothing. However, the scientists still need to improve the panel’s electrical output. Sun wants to produce a model of his new solar cell in three to five years.

What is Baoquan Sun’s point of view on solar energy?

    • He believes that his solar panels are better than the Teng devices.
    • He believes that solar energy is more useful than wind energy.
    • He believes that the panel’s current electrical output is good enough.
    • He believes scientists should continue working to make solar energy better.

Speaking

Task 2. Discuss the article “Solar Energy” which you have read, analyzed and annotated at home. Be ready to support the conversation and answer the questions of your peers. Produce a speech by giving extended answers to the questions.

Share your ideas with the class. Follow the rules of Socratic Seminar.

  • Contribute to the whole discussion actively
  • Provide evidence to support your ideas
  • Ask questions for clarification
  • Do not need to raise your hand to speak
  • Pay attention to your “airtime”
  • Do not interrupt
  • Do not “put down” the ideas of others

Solar Energy

As the world becomes more polluted by fossil fuels, people are looking for alternatives tothese non-renewable resources of energy. Many alternatives exist but they all havedisadvantages and drawbacks. Solar energy is one alternative source for future energy.Over the course of the next century, solar energy may have a large impact on the worldenergy market.

Solar energy is the most abundant form of energy known. The sun releases energy at arate 15,000 times greater than the rate that the earth uses energy. Solar energy can beused to produce clean, cheap electricity in amazing amounts.

In the early 1990s lower prices for fossil fuels, coupled with government subsidies,helped to make fossil fuels appear more economical than renewable fuels. The UnitedStates government hoped to develop new technologies so they launched a research anddevelopment project headed by the Department of Energy. This research has begun topay off because of lower prices for light- and heat-collecting solar cells, as well as higherstorage capacity of those cells.

Solar cells release far less pollution than fossil fuels. With lower emissions, thegreenhouse effect can be slowed and global warming nearly stopped. Theseadvantages are some reasons people may begin building more solar power plants in thenear future. The price for solar plants has continued to drop while fossil fuels are beingcontinually depleted. Eventually, this constant depletion will raise the price of coal,natural gas, and petroleum.

One argument against solar power is the cost of the initial start-up. Building solarpower plants is very expensive. However, the plants require almost no maintenance,clean up, or dumping of waste. This helps to offset start-up costs. Some experts arguethat a solar plant can practically pay for itself after two or three years.

Experts from the United States and Canada have said that solar energy could play a partin changing our lives in the twenty-first century. If solar power use increases andemissions decrease, solar energy and other alternative fuels could supply more andmore of our everyday electricity needs. Environmentalists argue that we should powerour homes with solar power and other cleaner sources or energy instead of polluting theair with fossil fuels or dumping nuclear waste into the environment.

Comprehension Questions:

  • What is polluting the world?
  • What are people looking for?
  • What is an alternative source of future energy?
  • What is the most abundant source of energy known?
  • What happened in the early 1990s?
  • Who hoped to develop new technologies?
  • Do fossil fuels release more pollution than solar cells?
  • What are some advantages of solar power?
  • Has the price for solar power plants gone up or down?
  • Why might the price for fossil fuels go up?
  • What is one argument against solar power?
  • What helps offset start-up costs of solar power plants?
  • Who says solar power may change our lives in the 21st century?
  • What do environmentalists argue?
  • What could happen if solar power use increases?

Discussion Questions:

  • Do you think solar power is a good alternative source of energy? Why?
  • What are some other alternative sources of energy?
  • What is nuclear power?
  • Do you think nuclear power is generally safe or dangerous?
  • Are there nuclear power plants in your country?
  • How would you feel if a nuclear power plant was built near your home?
  • What do you think about hydropower? Is it a good idea? Why?
  • What are some ways people waste energy? Do you ever waste energy? How?
  • Should governments be responsible for developing alternative energy resources?
  • What can you do to promote alternative sources of energy?
  • Are you ever bothered by air pollution? Why?

https://www.stickyball.net/?s=Solar+energy

Assessment criteria

Task

Mark

Identifytheauthor’s intention in text

1

B) However, the solar power output can fall under gray skies. Scientists are working to

squeeze even more electricity from the panels.

B) One of the polymer layers carries electricity for both the Teng and the solar cell.

C) The small size of the new panel is an advantage.

D) He believes scientists should continue working to make solar energy better.

Analyzeandcritically

responds considering different perspectives;

1

evaluate arguments, provide

opinions using appropriate

provides evidence to support answer;

1

vocabularyandgrammar structures

evaluatesandcriticallyanalyzesdifferent

perspectives;

Giveafullextended responsemaintaining

2

uses more complex and compound grammar

structures ;

1

control, improving fluency

uses sophisticated vocabulary;

1

and accuracy of speaking usingappropriate vocabulary and grammar structures

asks topic related and supporting questions,

paraphrase them if necessary;

appliesparaphrasingtechniquesin

communication;

responds with fluency and spontaneity.

1

Total marks

12

 Rubrics for providing information to parents on the results of Summative Assessment for the unit «STEM» and «Reading for pleasure»

Learner’s name

Assessment criteria

Level of learning achievements

Low

Identify the author’s intention in text

Experiences difficulties in evaluating the author’s intention in paragraph while reading the text. The answers are incorrect.

Experiences some difficulties in evaluating the author’s intention in paragraph while reading the text. Answers all questions, but not all answers are correct:

Confidently evaluates the author’s intention in paragraphs and supports the answer with the evidence while reading the text.

Analyze and critically evaluate arguments, provide opinions using appropriate vocabulary and grammar structures

Give a full extended response maintaining control, improving fluency and accuracy of speaking using appropriate vocabulary and grammar structures

Experiences difficulties in maintaining a speech and making relevantcontribution,in demonstrating rich and vivid vocabulary in a talk, in stating point of view. Pronounces words and phrases clearly.

Maintains a speech and makes relevant contribution irresolutely.

Makes mistakes in using rich and vivid vocabulary in a talk. States his/her point of view uncertainly without good reasoning. Makes some mistakes in pronunciation.

Confidentlymaintainsa conversation/speech and makes relevant contribution. Confidently demonstrates rich and vivid vocabulary in a talk. Expresses his/her viewpoints clearly. Pronounces words and expressions correctly.

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT TASKS FOR TERM 4

Summative assessment for the unit «Recent advances in technology »

Learning objectives

11.2.2

Understand specific information in unsupported extended

talk on a wide range of general and curricular topics,

including talk on a growing range of unfamiliar topics

11.5.7

Use independently appropriate layout at text level on a

wide range of general and curricular topics

11.5.5

Develop with minimal support coherent arguments

supported when necessary by examples and reasons for a

wide range of written genres in familiar general and

curricular topics

Assessment criteria

  • Identify detailed information from recording
  • Produce a text with appropriate paragraphing
  • Write a coherent paragraph/short text stating and explaining an argument

Level of thinking skills

Knowledge and comprehension Application

Higher order thinking skills

Duration

20 minutes

Listening

Task 1. Listen to the recording about uses of nanotechnology and complete the notes below. Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.

Follow the link to listen https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a714mjyjOaI

Uses of Nanotechnology

Transport

  • Nanotechnology could allow the development of stronger Planes would be much lighter in weight.
  • travel will be made available to the masses.

Technology

  • Computers will be even smaller, faster, and will have a greater
  • will become more affordable.

The Environment

Nano-robots could rebuild the ozone layer.

  • Pollutants such as could be removed from water more easily.
  • There will be no from manufacturing.

Health and Medicine

New methods of food production could eradicate famine.

  • Analysis of medical _will be speeded up. Life expectancy could be increased.

Writing

Task 2. Write an essay about the following topic:

In the past lectures were the traditional method of teaching large numbers of students. Nowadays new technology is increasingly being used to teach students.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of this new approach?

You should:

  • paraphrase the question;
  • present the specific advantages/disadvantages that will be discussed in the main body paragraphs;
  • introduce the main advantage, explain and support with examples;
  • introduce the main disadvantage, explain and support with examples;
  • give a summary of your main points and say what you think were most important pros and cons;
  • link ideas logically and clearly, using basic conjunctions and linking words;
  • use appropriate topical vocabulary.

Assessment criteria

Task

Mark

Identifydetailed information from recording

1

1. writes ‘metal/metals’

2. writes ‘space’

3. writes ‘memory’

4. writes ‘solar’

5. writes ‘oil’

6. writes ‘waste’

7. writes ‘tests’

Produce a text with

appropriate

usesappropriatestructurethatmakesreader

understand a piece;

1

paragraphing

Writeacoherent paragraph/shorttext

stating and explaining

uses a range of appropriate vocabulary with correct spelling;

1

an argument

2

writes clear paragraphs with 3 or 4 basic connectors;

states and explains an argument;

1

conveys ideas clearly;

1

presents the specific advantages/disadvantages;

1

use appropriate topical vocabulary.

1

Total marks

14

 Rubrics for providing information to parents on the results of Summative Assessment for the unit «Recent advances in technology»

Learner’s name

Assessment criteria

Level of learning achievements

Low

Identifydetailedinformation from recording

Experiences difficulties in giving the right answers while listening. The answers are not full or correct.

Experiences some difficulties in giving the right answers while listening. Answers all questions but there are some spelling mistakes or not correct answers:

Writes 1.‘metal/metals’; 2.‘space’;3.‘memories’;4.‘solar’;5.‘oil’; 6.’waist’;7. ‘tests’

Confidently chooses an appropriate word for each gap while identifying specific details in extended talks.

Produce a text with appropriate paragraphing

Write a coherent paragraph/short text stating and explaining an argument

Lacks in writing academic essays, has difficulties in conveying ideas logically into coherent paragraphs, stating and explaining arguments. Experiences difficulties in using appropriate vocabulary, in linking ideas clearly, in using a range of grammar.

Makes some mistakes in structure and style of academic essays. Experiences some difficulties in presenting ideas clearly, in using appropriate vocabulary and grammar, in linking ideas logically.

Uses wide range of grammar and vocabulary within the task set, ideas fulfill the requirements of the task.

Transcript

Today we’re going to look at an important area of science, namely nanotechnology. So what is it? Nano means tiny, so it’s science and engineering on the scale of atoms and molecules. The idea is that by controlling and rearranging atoms, you can literally create anything. However, as we’ll see, the science of the small has some big implications affecting us in many ways.

There’s no doubt that nanotechnology promises so much for civilisation. However, all new technologies have their teething problems. And with nanotechnology, society often gets the wrong idea about its capabilities.

Numerous science-fiction books and movies have raised people’s fears about nanotechnology — with scenarios such as inserting little nano-robots into your body that monitor everything you do without you realising it, or self-replicating nano-robots that eventually take over the world.

So how do we safeguard such a potentially powerful technology? Some scientists recommend that nano-particles be treated as new chemicals with separate safety tests and clear labelling.

They believe that greater care should also be taken with nano-particles in laboratories and factories. Others have called for a withdrawal of new nano products such as cosmetics and a temporary halt to many kinds of nanotech research.

But as far as I’m concerned there’s a need to plough ahead with the discoveries and applications of nanotechnology.

I really believe that most scientists would welcome a way to guard against unethical uses of such technology. We can’t go around thinking that all innovation is bad, all advancement is bad. As with the debate about any new technology, it is how you use it that’s important. So let’s look at some of its possible uses.

Thanks to nanotechnology, there could be a major breakthrough in the field of transportation with the production of more durable metals.

These could be virtually unbreakable, lighter and much more pliable leading to planes that are 50 times lighter than at present. Those same improved capabilities will dramatically reduce the cost of travelling into space making it more accessible to ordinary people and opening up a totally new holiday destination.

In terms of technology, the computer industry will be able to shrink computer parts down to minute sizes. We need nanotechnology in order to create a new generation of computers that will work even faster and will have a million times more memory but will be about the size of a sugar cube.

Nanotechnology could also revolutionise the way that we generate power. The cost of solar cells will be drastically reduced so harnessing this energy will be far more economical than at present.

But nanotechnology has much wider applications than this and could have an enormous impact on our environment. For instance, tiny airborne nano-robots could be programmed to actually rebuild the ozone layer, which could lessen the impact of global warming on our planet. That’s a pretty amazing thought, isn’t it? On a more local scale, this new technology could help with the clean-up of environmental disasters as nanotechnology will allow us to remove oil and other contaminants from the water far more effectively. And, if nanotechnology progresses as expected — as a sort of building block set of about 90 atoms — then you could build anything you wanted from the bottom up. In terms of production, this means that you only use what you need and so there wouldn’t be any waste.

The notion that you could create anything at all has major implications for our health. It means that we’ll eventually be able to replicate anything. This would have a phenomenal effect on our society. In time it could even lead to the eradication of famine through the introduction of machines that produce food to feed the hungry.

But it’s in the area of medicine that nanotechnology may have its biggest impact. How we detect disease will change as tiny biosensors are developed to analyse tests in minutes rather than days.

There’s even speculation nano-robots could be used to slow the ageing process, lengthening life expectancy.

As you can see, I’m very excited by the implications that could be available to us in the next few decades. Just how long it’ll take, I honestly don’t know.

Summative assessment for the unit «The clothes of chemistry»

Learning objectives

11.4.9

11.3.5

11.3.7

Recognise inconsistencies in argument in extended text on a range of more complex and abstract general and curricular topics

Interact with peers to make hypotheses and evaluate alternative proposals on a range of familiar and some unfamiliar general and curricular topics

 Use appropriate subject-specific vocabulary and syntax to talk about a range of familiar and some unfamiliar general and curricular topics

Assessment criteria

  • Identify inconsistencies in argument of reading passage
  • Analyze and critically evaluate arguments, provide opinions using appropriate vocabulary and grammar structures
  • Support a talk with peers while agree, disagree and discuss the order of actions and plans to fulfil the tasks
  • Give a full extended response maintaining control, improving fluency and accuracy of speaking using appropriate vocabulary and grammar structures

Level of thinking skills

Knowledge and comprehension Application

Duration

20 minutes

Reading

Task 1. Read the text and select if the statements below are TRUE, FALSE or NOT GIVEN.

Trends in the Indian fashion and textile industries

 At the beginning of the 21st century, with new designers and models, and more sensible designs, India has witnessed acceleration of fashion industry. As far as the global fashion industry is concerned, Indian ethnic designs and materials are currently in demand from fashion houses and garment manufacturers. India is the third largest producer of cotton, the second largest producer of silk, and the fifth largest producer of man-made fibres in the world.

 The Indian garment and fabric industries have many fundamental advantages, in terms of a cheaper, skilled work force, cost-effective production, raw materials, flexibility, and a wide range of designs with sequins, beadwork, and embroidery. In addition, that India provides garments to international fashion houses at competitive prices, with a shorter lead-time, and an effective monopoly on certain designs, is accepted the whole world over. India has always been regarded as the default source in the embroidered garments segment, but changes in the rate of exchange between the rupee and the dollar has further depressed prices, thereby attracting more buyers. So the international fashion houses walk away with customised goods, and craftwork is sold at very low rates.

 As far as the fabric market is concerned, the range available in India can attract as well as confuse the buyer. Much of the production takes place in the small town of Chapa in the eastern state of Bihar, a name one might never have heard of. Here fabric-making is a family industry; the

range and quality of raw silks churned out here belie the crude production methods and equipment. Surat in Gujarat, is the supplier of an amazing set of jacquards, moss crepes and georgette sheers —

all fabrics in high demand. Another Indian fabric design that has been adopted by the fashion industry is the ‘Madras check’, originally utilised for the universal lungi, a simple lower-body wrap worn in southern India. This design has now found its way on to bandannas, blouses, home furnishings and almost anything one can think of.

 Ethnic Indian designs with batik and hand-embroidered motifs have also become popular across the world. Decorative bead work is another product in demand in the international market. Beads are used to prepare accessory items like belts and bags, and beadwork is now available for haute couture evening wear too.

1.At the start of the 21st century, key elements in the Indian fashion industry

changed.

2.India now exports more than half of the cotton it produces.

3. Conditions in India are generally well suited to the manufacture of clothing.

4. Indian clothing exports have suffered from changes in the value of its currency.

5. Modern machinery accounts for the high quality of Chapa’s silk.

6. Some types of Indian craftwork which are internationally popular had humble

origins.

Speaking

Task 2. Choose the question from the card on the topics “The cloth of chemistry”, “Recent advances in technology”, “Future careers” and be ready to answer it after the teacher starts the conversation. Produce a speech by giving extended answers to the questions. Share your ideas with the class

Teacher organizes a Socratic seminar, which helps him/her to assess learners while they are speaking on the topics and he/she prepares and cuts down questions and expressions beforehand. Learners sit in a circle and answer the question using in their speech some formal and informal expressions to present logically connected information to their classmates. Learners discuss questions in a class. They share their opinions, ask questions, and comment on classmates’ speech.

Stating an opinion

Expressing agreement

 Expressing disagreement

Interrupting

The way I see it…..

You have a point there

That’s not always the case

Sorry to interrupt, but…

Ifyouwantmy honest opinion…..

That’sexactly how I feel

I’d say the exact opposite

IfImightadd something…..

AsfarasI’m concerned….

I was just going to say that

No, I’m not so sure about that

Is it okay if I jump in for a second?

If you ask me…….

Ihaveto side withsmb

(name)on this one

I beg to differ

Can I add something here?

In my opinion…….

That’s for sure

Not necessarily

Can I throw my two cents in?

These are some Socratic Seminar Ground Rules:

    • Speak so that all students can hear you.
    • Ask for clarification. Don’t stay confused.
    • Speak without raising hands.
    • Stick to the point under discussion.
    • Don’t interrupt.
    • Don’t put down the ideas of another learner.

Questions for Socratic Seminar:

  • What do you think of the fashion industry?
  • How does fashion affect people’s lives?
  • Do you think fashions changed as quickly in the past as today? Why or why not?
  • If you were a fashion designer, what kind of clothes would you design?
  • Do you read e-books? What are their advantages and disadvantages when compared with paper books?
  • Is there an electronic product you want these days? What is it? How will it make your life better?
  • Do you play computer games? What do you say to people who believe they are a waste of time?
  • What crazy future technology are you looking forward to? For example, flying cars or personal robots.
  • Many science fiction movies present a dark vision of the future. Are you optimistic or pessimistic about the future of humanity?
  • Do you think job satisfaction is more important than salary when choosing a job?
  • What skills do you think are needed to get a good job these days?
  • How has technology changed the way we work?
  • What jobs do you think are most valuable to society?

Assessment criteria

Task

Mark

Identify inconsistencies in argument of reading passage

1

1. chooses ‘TRUE’

2. chooses ‘NOT GIVEN’

3. chooses ‘TRUE’

4. chooses ‘FALSE’

5. chooses ‘FALSE’

6. chooses ‘TRUE’

Analyze and critically evaluatearguments, provide opinions using appropriate vocabulary and grammar structures Supportatalkwith peerswhileagree, disagreeanddiscuss the order of actions and plans to fulfil the tasks Give a full extended responsemaintaining control, improving fluency and accuracy of speakingusing appropriate vocabulary

and grammar structures

3

responds considering different perspectives;

provides evidence to support answer;

evaluates and critically analyzes different

perspectives;

uses more complex and compound grammar

structures ;

uses sophisticated vocabulary;

asks topic related and supporting questions,

paraphrase them if necessary;

applies paraphrasing techniques in communication;

responds with fluency and spontaneity.

Total marks

21

Reading: the text was taken from https://mini-ielts.com/704/reading/trends-in-the-indian-fashion- and-textile-industries

 Rubrics for providing information to parents on the results of Summative Assessment for the unit «The clothes of chemistry»

Learner’s name

Assessment criteria

Level of learning achievements

Low

Realize particular facts and parts in reading passage

Identifyandevaluatechosen statements

Experiences difficulties in realizing particular facts and parts in reading passage.

Experiences difficulties in identifying chosen statements.

Makesmistakesinidentifying facts and parts in reading passage.

Feels confidence in identifying facts, parts and chosen statements in the reading passage.

Analyze and critically evaluate arguments, provide opinions using appropriate vocabulary and grammar structures

Support a talk with peers while agree, disagree and discuss the order of actions and plans to fulfil the tasks

Give a full extended response maintaining control, improving fluency and accuracy of speaking using appropriate vocabulary and

grammar structures

Experiences difficulties in maintaining a speech and making relevant contribution, in demonstrating rich and vivid vocabulary in a talk, in stating point of view. Pronounces words and phrases clearly.

Maintains a speech and makes relevant contribution irresolutely. Makes mistakes in using rich and vivid vocabulary in a talk. States his/her point of view uncertainly without good reasoning. Makes some mistakes in pronunciation

Confidently maintains a conversation/speech and makes relevant contribution. Confidently demonstrates rich and vivid vocabulary in a talk. Expresses his/her viewpoints clearly. Pronounceswordsand expressions correctly.

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In life we all act differently depending on who we are with and the situation at hand. In almost every situation we act in a different way, with our friends in public, with our family members at home, with coworkers, and most importantly our boss in a work environment. Depending on who we are with you could say our personality changes. As humans we know how to act in every situation, at work you would dress more formal, whereas going out with a group of friends you would dress more causal.

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Along with our looks changing, we also change our behaviors, the way we talk, sit, the tone of your voice, etc. At a doctor’s office, the receptionist must play a defined role. She has to act polite, caring, professional, and must remain discreet about her patient’s information and conditions. The receptionist is 27 year old Hispanic woman, she works at the doctor’s office from 8 am to 5 pm. She is acting in a professional manner, well maintained, dressed in scrubs with closed toe shoes.

I would describe the receptionist as upper middle class social status.

The receptionist sits at her front desk in the middle of the doctor’s office and greets all the patients. She is in charge of all the paper work, appointments, and all the patient’s charts. While analyzing the receptionist in her work environment I noticed many front stage behaviors and backstage behaviors (concepts used to describe the relationship between the roles actors play at a given moment and the various audiences these roles involve).

For example, she would talk to almost everyone with respect, especially her patients and boss. Then when no one was around, I noticed that she was very rude to her coworkers. By looking at her coworkers facial expressions it was obvious to see they didn’t like the receptionist.

When the boss was around the receptionist would act very professional and caring towards everyone. Right when he would leave the room she would start doing different things that I’m sure wasn’t involved with her job. I noticed she was on her cell phone a lot, texting and talking in a very rude way to people and mostly about her personal problems, even though she was supposed to be working and taking care of her patients. When the boss would walk into the room she would quickly hide her cell phone and act as if she is working. The receptionist never noticed that I was observing her every move therefore I was able to see her front stage and backstage behavior. We all have these behaviors, but I was shocked to see that this receptionist showed both her personality sides at a professional working environment.

Using an approach, like dramaturgy, helped me to analyze social interaction in a more interesting and complex way. If I had been just simply observing the receptionist I would have never payed attention to her backstage behavior. By using a dramaturgical approach I noticed how her personality would change depending on if the boss was in the room or not. This approach provides us with a deeper understanding on how humans think and act. In life most of us only show our good side to people especially at work, therefore I was surprised to have been able to see the receptionist rude side.

I think if the receptionist had known that I was observing her she would have acted only in front stage behavior. This assignment was very beneficial to me it helped me to take a deeper look at what microsociologists do. Now I have a different perspective on how people act. I knew that humans act differently in public than they do in private but I had never seen it happen in real life which made this assignment so much more interesting to me. I think it is really important to know how to act in every situation. Some people do not understand that a work environment needs to remain professional whereas going out with your friends can be more social and personal.

Overall I enjoyed this assignment because it opened up my mind to bigger ideas. It made me think if a person can act like this in work environment imagine how they act with friends, people they like, and just imagine seeing people they don’t like in public. It made me think that if the receptionist wasn’t scared to talk rudely to her coworkers in the office imagine how she would act if she saw them in public. From now on I think I will always be using the dramaturgical approach because it provides us with a richer meaning and deeper understanding of human behavior.

Psychiatric and Behavioral Disorders

Alan D. Kaye MD, PhD, … Patricia B. Sutker PhD, in Anesthesia and Uncommon Diseases (Sixth Edition), 2012

Problem Behaviors in Late Life

Aggressive and inappropriate behaviors in older people are associated with varied physical and psychological conditions and added risk in those receiving medical or surgical therapy. Behavior problems pose complex challenges for caregivers in the home and in medical settings. Although often reported in clinical or nursing home settings or in patients with dementia, problem behaviors are increasingly described at the end of life. A study of 6748 deceased patients found that 20% exhibited problem behaviors in the last year of life, with risks being higher for those with dementia, mental illness, alcohol abuse, and bronchitis or emphysema.137 Violent threats and destroyed property were identified as “relatively common,” with implications for health care providers in general and particularly surgeons and anesthesiologists.

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781437727876000152

Applications in Diverse Populations

Sandy K. Wurtele, in Comprehensive Clinical Psychology, 1998

9.21.3.1.5 Psychosexual Domain

Children who exhibit sexually inappropriate behavior, especially if there is a compulsive, aggressive, or coercive quality to the behavior, are at risk for victimizing others, being revictimized themselves, and if they exhibit these behaviors at school or day care setting, then they may be in jeopardy of being suspended or expelled. Treatment of sexual behaviors in sexually abused children is thus highly recommended, but extremely challenging (Friedrich, 1990). For example, Finkelhor and Berliner (1995) found sexualized behavior problems, along with aggressiveness, to be particularly resistant to change. Given the serious consequences of this symptom, research clearly is needed to determine what works to eliminate inappropriate sexual behavior and simultaneously enhance normal sexual development.

Clinicians have suggested several therapeutic goals when working with children who have been traumatized sexually (Cunningham & MacFarlane, 1991; Gil & Johnson, 1993). One goal is to correct the child’s thinking about sexual behavior, and this can be achieved by teaching age-appropriate sexual knowledge. Clinicians can help children understand the concepts of consent and mutuality, know the reasons why people are sexual, and define readiness to be sexually active. A second goal is to help increase children’s internal inhibitions and external controls against unacceptable sexual behavior. Children can be helped to identify the behaviors, emotions, and thoughts that precede acting out sexually, and can be taught strategies to challenge cognitions and generate alternative behaviors to avoid repeating the behavior. A third goal is to attend to, and if necessary, modify the parents’ attitudes and behaviors related to their children’s sexual behavior. A fourth goal, if appropriate, would be to address the youth’s own history of victimization. Given the relationship between child sexual abuse and adolescent pregnancy, an additional goal would be to discuss pregnancy prevention issues.

Clinicians treating abused children who engage in sexual activities with other children may benefit from the work being done at treatment programs for child perpetrators (see review by Pithers et al., 1995. For example, in the Support Program for Abuse Reactive Kids (SPARK; Johnson & Berry, 1989), group therapy focuses on helping children learn about their behavior patterns as well as to be aware of their feelings and actions in relation to others. They are also taught problem-solving and social skills, they learn impulse control and perspective taking, develop victim empathy, and increase frustration tolerance. Unfortunately, a paucity of empirical data exists to support the efficacy of intervening with young sexual offenders (see Chapter 28, this volume).

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The Formation and Dissolution of “Bad Habits” during the Acquisition of Coordination Skills

Charles B. Walter, Stephan P. Swinnen, in Interlimb Coordination, 1994

d Lesions

Neural damage can also cause inappropriate behavior to consistently appear in a given situation. Frontal lesions in monkeys, for example, can result in the repetition of a previously learned behavior in an inappropriate setting, termed “perseveration” (e.g., Mishkin, Prockop, & Rosvold, 1962). The tendency toward such sterotypic behavior suggests that damage to certain centers may inhibit the ability to reorganize behavior in new situations. This apparently facilitates negative transfer from previous experience, perhaps contributing to the formation of a bad habit in the novel setting.

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Sleep Related Movement Disorders (SRMD) and Parasomnias

A. Szentkirályi, M. Novák, in Encyclopedia of Sleep, 2013

Introduction

Parasomnias are repetitive and sometimes inappropriate behaviors, motor phenomena, or subjective experiences that occur in association with sleep. Some episodes may be extremely disturbing, undesirable, and very bizarre in nature, both for the patient and the bedpartner or family, while others are of little concern. Basic physiologic drives may manifest, like eating or sexual behavior, which result in sleep disruption and may impact on daytime functioning as well as quality of life. Parasomnias may arise during the transition from wakefulness to sleep or during arousals from different stages of sleep. According to the International Classification of Sleep Disorders, more than 30 different parasomnias exist, of which the most frequent and relevant ones are described here.

The concept of health-related quality of life is intended to capture the impact of diseases on the well-being of the patients based on their subjective experience. Recently, measures of health-related quality of life have gained growing acceptance as relevant endpoints in clinical trials. This has led to the development of questionnaires which aim to quantify self-perceptions reflecting general health and functional well-being within the physical, mental, and social aspects of everyday life. Even though the impact of sleep–wake disorders on daytime well-being and functioning has been increasingly recognized, very few studies have directly assessed the quality of life for patients with parasomnias. Therefore, the present article focuses mainly on the psychosocial consequences of these sleep disorders and their impact on everyday life.

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ATTENTION AND DEFICITS OF ATTENTION

Lisa Albers Prock, Leonard Rappaport, in Developmental-Behavioral Pediatrics (Fourth Edition), 2009

Inhibition

A child’s ability to inhibit inappropriate behaviors (response inhibition) typically increases with age. One common task thought to measure response inhibition in the clinical setting is the go/no-go paradigm, in which children are asked to respond to every stimulus except one (e.g., respond to all letters except Z). A child’s ability to refrain from responding to the no-go stimulus is used as a measure of response inhibition. During the preschool and school-age years, response inhibition tends to improve for most children.

Neuroimaging studies using the go/no-go paradigm have demonstrated signal increases in several brain regions (ventral prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal cortex, and anterior cingulate gyrus) with development; children show reduced brain activity on this task compared with adults, although the brain activation in these same regions increases when inhibition is required (Casey et al, 2001; Vaidya, 2005). In children far more than in adults, basal ganglia structures also appear to be involved in response inhibition. Children diagnosed with ADHD who behaviorally show a high rate of errors of commission, or false alarms, demonstrate significantly lower activity than do control children in their basal ganglia region activity during performance of a go/no-go task (Durston, 2003). However, when children diagnosed with ADHD took stimulant medication to address symptoms of inattention and impulsivity, their basal ganglia activity more closely resembled that of control children as their behavioral performance improved (Vaidya, 2005).

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9781416033707000547

Cognitive and Behavioral Interventions for Persons with Dementia

Jiska Cohen-Mansfield, in Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology, 2004

3.4 Unmet Needs Theory

The unmet needs theory asserts that people with dementia manifest inappropriate behavior due to unmet needs. The theory claims that people with dementia have the same needs as do other people. These needs, which are generally summarized under Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, include physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, and self-actualization needs, with the latter sometimes being manifested as a need for cognitive stimulation or for meaningful activity. According to this theory, these needs frequently go unrecognized by caregivers, and even when they are recognized, these needs are often not satisfied because caregivers do not understand their significance or do not know how to address them. The unmet needs result in inappropriate behavior in one of several mechanisms. First, the inappropriate behavior may be a call for help due to the unmet need. Second, the inappropriate behavior may be an attempt by the person with dementia to respond to his or her need (e.g., self-stimulation as a response to sensory deprivation). Finally, the inappropriate behavior may be a direct result of the unmet need (e.g., screaming due to pain).

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0126574103007133

Functional Behavioral Assessment

J.P. Bakken, in International Encyclopedia of Education (Third Edition), 2010

Focusing on Behavior

The goal of functional assessment is to deal with inappropriate behavior. Educators and service providers want to (1) rearrange events that occur before a child misbehaves (antecedents) so that they now prompt the occurrence of appropriate behavior, (2) change the consequence that comes after a behavior occurs so that the consequences are more likely to reinforce a child for performing appropriate behavior, and (3) most importantly, teach the child a replacement behavior. A replacement behavior is an appropriate behavior that the child can perform that accomplishes the same goal as the inappropriate behavior. Without teaching a child a replacement behavior, meaningful, positive changes in behavior will be difficult, if not impossible, to obtain. Students need to be taught what to do and how to behave appropriately. It is the responsibility of the teacher (and parent) to diagnose why the problem behavior is occurring and to teach a more appropriate behavior in its place.

Problem behaviors typically fall into one or more of three general categories: (1) behavior that produces attention and other desired events (e.g., access to toys, the computer, and other desired activities), (2) behavior that allows the person to avoid or escape demands or other undesired events/activities (e.g., getting out of homework, an oral presentation, or reading out loud), and (3) behavior that occurs because of its sensory consequences (e.g., feels good or relieves pain). Students will change their behavior only when it is clear that a different response will more effectively and efficiently result in a desired outcome. Identifying the purpose of problem behaviors (what the student gains, controls, or avoids through those behaviors) can provide information that is essential to developing instructional strategies and supports to reduce or eliminate behaviors that interfere with successful classroom performance or participation. When investigating student behaviors the team will need to judge the impact of the behaviors being exhibited (see Table 1 for questions that can be used as a way for a team to judge the significance of the behavior exhibited by the student). The team needs to decide why the behavior is occurring. For example, if a student acts out when given an assignment in math, it may not be the assignment that caused the acting-out behavior, but the fact that the student does not know what is required (a skill deficit) and thus anticipates failure or ridicule. Information of this type may be gleaned through a discussion with the student or a review of information gathered in the FBA process. This is crucial because problem behavior can have an adverse effect on learning and physical safety of students and teachers. For this reason, the actions the student displays in response to problem behavior are critical. Whether these problem behaviors disrupt instructional routines (e.g., leaving class without permission, being loud, and talking out) or pose threats to the safety of teachers and students (e.g., destroying property and physical altercation), educators are responsible for implementing interventions to reduce these behaviors (Dukes et al., 2007).

Table 1. Questions to Guide team members about their behaviors

Does the student’s behavior significantly differ from that of his/her classmates?
Does the behavior lessen the possibility of successful learning for the student and/or others?
Have past efforts to address the behavior using standard interventions been unsuccessful?
Does the behavior represent a skill or performance deficit, rather than a cultural difference?
Is the behavior serious, persistent, chronic, or a threat to the safety of the student or others?
If the behavior persists, is some disciplinary action likely to result?

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Unmodified Extinction for Childhood Sleep Disturbance

Robert Didden, … Giulio E. Lancioni, in Behavioral Treatments for Sleep Disorders, 2011

Rationale for Intervention

During their development, most children will show some type of inappropriate behavior during bedtime and at night. They may acquire inappropriate sleep onset associations that disrupt the sleep–wake rhythm. From a learning theory point of view, inappropriate behaviors are acquired through operant conditioning – that is, are shaped and maintained by their reinforcing consequences. Disruptive behavior or non-compliance may be negatively reinforced if that behavior results in escape from or avoidance of an unpleasant situation. Children learn that as a result of a tantrum or resistance, they are allowed to stay awake with their parents in the living room, to watch television or to play with their favorite toys. In this example, parents may have difficulties in adequately enforcing bedtime limits because of their past behaviors, which have inadvertently “rewarded” bedtime refusal behaviors. The child’s disruptive behavior at bedtime is then strengthened, and he or she will probably exhibit the same behavior at bedtime in the future.

Problematic behaviors may be positively reinforced if they result in the receipt of a pleasant event. Children may learn that they will receive parental attention upon exhibiting disruptive behaviors. For example, parents go to visit a child in his or her bedroom contingent upon the child calling out for parents and/or crying. These behaviors are maintained if they are followed by a strong reinforcer, namely parental attention.

If disruptive behaviors are operants, their frequency may be reduced by removing the reinforcer. Extinction is an effective treatment for such behaviors, and involves terminating the reinforcement contingency that maintains a behavior, which results in a reduction in a behavior’s occurrence over time [2]. The extinction approach consists of several procedures: (1) time out from positive reinforcement (e.g., parental attention); (2) planned ignoring (e.g., of attention maintained disruptive behavior); and (3) extinction of escape and avoidance behaviors. Extinction has been show to be effective in reducing childhood disruptive behaviors, such as tantrums and aggressive behavior [3], and feeding problems [4].

In terms of treatment of childhood sleep disturbance, the implication is that withdrawing reinforcement for inappropriate bedtime behaviors will result in elimination of such behaviors, and as a result, improved sleep onset may be facilitated.

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Inhibition

J.M. McDowd, in Encyclopedia of Gerontology (Second Edition), 2007

Inhibition in the Social Arena: Verbal Communication

Inhibition not only suppresses selected inputs but also acts to control such outputs as inappropriate behaviors, which might otherwise interfere with normal social interactions. One area in which altered inhibitory function might affect social interactions is verbal communication. There is some evidence suggesting that older adults are more likely than young adults to exhibit off-target verbosity in conversation or related forms of communication. Older adults appear to be more vulnerable to the intrusion of personal experiences and memories into consciousness. Instead of gating out this information, they may include it in social exchanges regardless of its relevance to the topic at hand. One outcome of this verbosity might be reticence on the part of others to engage a verbose individual in conversation, which contributes to some level of social isolation of the verbose person. Thus, inhibitory deficits, if truly contributory to this pattern of interactions, can have negative consequences for the social well-being of older individuals.

Studies including measures of both off-target verbosity and psychometric measures of inhibitory processes have indicated a relationship between the two. That is, those individuals who score higher on verbosity measures do less well on the measures of inhibitory function. Although this relationship suggests a causal role for altered inhibitory efficiency in communication verbosity, other factors may also play a role. An individual’s expectations about the constraints on the conversation, the relationship between conversation participants, and lifelong conversation patterns may all influence the direction a conversation may take. Specifying the precise role of inhibitory processes remains for further study (see Language and Communication in Aging).

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0123708702001001

Overcoming Rationalizations, Objections, and Denials

Randall W. Ferris, Daniel Murphy, in Workplace Safety, 2016

Not having a comprehensive program for violence prevention, which defines all facets of inappropriate behavior (including stalking, harassment, and all other elements found in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration [OSHA] definition of violence) is inconceivable. The subject matter, however, makes some decision makers uncomfortable and when presenting a violence prevention proposal, it is not uncommon for it to be met with pushback, usually stated in the form of a rationalization, an objection, or a denial (more simply referred to as a ROD). The most common RODs thrown against violence prevention programs are the following:

We can’t train our people.

It’s not in the budget.

Our employees won’t listen, comprehend, or remember it.

We can’t afford to take the employees away from their workstation for a one-hour training session.

How often does this really happen?

We’ve never had any reports of trouble in the past, so why do we suddenly need this?

We don’t need this because our employees are one big happy family.

We don’t need this because our facility is in a very low crime area.

The training will upset our employees.

This training will send the message that we think there is imminent danger.

We don’t want to give anyone any ideas.

We have someone (or some department) who already handles this.

We have a guard at the front desk; we should be okay.

This training will prompt people to make frivolous allegations.

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Over time, workplace diversity has been the primary cause of conflicts and aggressiveness among employees. Workplace aggressiveness is regarded as being a threat to the smooth running of operational processes in any given organization. It is worth noting that job satisfaction is an essential factor in the retention of employees. However, this cannot be attained in a setting where there are increased instances of violence, discrimination, and harassment of employees. On the contrary, there is a need to have well-outlined policies to protect the rights and interests of all employees. Common causes of aggressiveness in workplace settings include dispersal rumors, impractical jokes, teasing, and insolent comments.

In a standard setting, the management of an organization is expected to put in place measures that lead to the creation of an appropriate physical, emotional, and physiological environment.  Other than focusing on the skills of employees, there is a similar urge to ensure that the welfare of workers is also put into consideration. It is imperative to note that the prevalence of a negative organizational culture significantly affects the morale and productivity of employees. As such, the management should ensure that it puts in place measures that create a positive organizational culture and upholding of values and interest of all people.

While employees are expected to behave professionally, it is worth noting that it is not always the case that they stick to the professional codes. On the contrary, there are many instances where they engage in inappropriate activities. Unethical undertakings are actions that lead to the disruption of the normal functioning of an organization. Inappropriate behaviors go against professional codes that require all stakeholders to be treated with dignity and respect. Some of the activities that can be termed as being unsuitable include harassment, aggression, violence, bullying, and nuisance. In most cases, increased work pressure causes stress among employees.

In a work environment where there are no avenues to deal with such pressures, there are increased chances of having aggressive responses from employees. One of the common cases of aggressiveness is yelling at one another. Rather than communicating calmly, aggression may see workers raise their voices on other staffs. Not only is it disrespectful, but it also creates a harsh working environment, thus making it challenging to coordinate team activities. The argument rests on the fact that productivity and effective teams only exist in a situation where employees are treated with respect.

Aggression derails team operations and leads to individual goals as opposed to collective aims. It implies that contrary to pursuing organizational goals, there is the risk that employees will be keener on pursuing their objectives. Likewise, strained relationships among workers mean that execution of tasks would take more time as opposed to the initial plans. Institutions that have a positive organizational culture and effective communication systems are often seen as registering improved productivity levels. One of the primary factors that contribute to the creation of a positive corporate culture is having well-outlined policies that regulate the conduct of employees.

One of the prevalent cases of harassment in the organization is the belittling of workers. Junior employees are often victims of this practice, which bars them from progressing in their careers. Patronizing means that the contribution of a particular employee is not valued. It has the effect of lowering the morale of workers and productivity levels. Such cases usually happen in a setting where there is no appreciation of all staffs that they are likely to register impressive performances. Other than belittling, various threatening activities can be defined as being unsolicited. The failure to address such instances implies that there are high chances that they will be repeated in the future. A violation of workers’ rights might increase the level of stresses, thus reducing the productivity levels. The situation would make it hard to implement the organizational objectives and goal.

Moreover, many employees have in the past been victims of bullying. Victimization in the workplace settings often targets junior workers, and mostly goes against their values. Bullying is offensive and may have the risk of violating the rights of workers. In most cases, bullying takes the form of exploitation of employees with the threat of being fired or demoted. As such, most are thus forced to go against their values or interest. An example is a case with gender discrimination and sexual harassment. While gender discrimination can affect either the male or the female gender, female employees are often seen to be on the receiving end of such acts.

Focusing on many organizations indicates that male employees tend to occupy most of the senior job positions as compared to their female counterparts. The trend is based on the widespread notion that men are supper as compared to women. On the other hand, there are instances where women are offered lower wages as compared to men. The case is despite the fact that the two gender perfume similar duties.  However, such a trend has negative implications to female employees, and act as a violation of their rights. Contrary to basing promotions and compensation on gender factors, it is vital to focus on productivity levels. Offering equal opportunities to all employees is the basis of protecting the welfare of employees and promoting their performance levels.

There are also cases of sexual harassment where some employees make sexual advances on other staffs. While sexual harassment often takes the form of physical bullying, it can also be verbal. Verbal harassment entails making of statements that degrade the sexuality or dignity of an individual. There are ongoing efforts by organizations to ensure that there is the creation of policies and laws that ensure that cases of sexual harassment and gender discrimination are addressed. Other than having well-outlined policies, there are also ongoing efforts to create elaborate communication systems. Such structures will allow affected employees to make public their problems. It further provides the management with a swift way through which it can address emerging problems in an organization.

Although it is rare, there are many cases of physical abuse on employees. The cases have significantly increased instances of violence among workers. It is also an indication that there is a failure by the management to solve dispute among workers. The inability to resolve conflicts among employees may prompt physical fights. However, such instances create a harsh working environment and make it hard to foster positive relations among employees. Additionally, it is a form of intimidation on junior and new employees. Contrary to have onboarding initiatives, some organizations lack elaborate systems to address violence and other forms of inappropriate behaviors. Such a situation is a significant setback to productivity levels.

From the above issues addressed, it is evident that many factors contribute to the prevalence of inappropriate behaviors within an organization. The pervasiveness of such factors may have adverse impacts on the attainment of organizational set objectives. The argument rests on the fact that the situation leads to a negative corporate culture. Such an environment is marked by regular conflicts, individual goals, and other actions that derail the attainment of set objectives. Common causes of inappropriate behavior include discrimination of employees, belittling, abusive languages, and physical attacks. Belittling is typical in many organization here junior staffs are painted as being inferior to other employees. Belittling creates the impression that the management does not value the contribution of junior workers. It thus lowers the morale and commitment of such employees.

However, many measures can be put in place to address such issues. The creation of stable communication platforms makes it possible to resolve conflicts at ease. It further offers employees with a platform where they can communicate their grievances to the management. On the other hand, it is vital for the administration to create policies that seek to regulate the conduct of the employees. Such plans should cover areas such as gender discrimination and sexual harassment. Not only would they help to champion for the rights of employees, but they would also have the effect of increasing the productivity levels. When interacting with employees, it is advisable to maintain respect for the values and opinions of other persons. It is through respect and upholding the rights of other employees that challenges employees diversity can be wholly addressed.

Английский язык

Shalira

Shalira

1 год назад

Task 2. Imagine you are in one of the following situations. (choose only one) 1. Rudeness of a waiter/waitress 2. Malfunction of a laptop 3. Wrong size of clothes ordered by the Internet 4. Inappropriate behavior of receptionist

ОТВЕТЫ

Malargas

Malargas

Feb 8, 2022

1. I think this is wrong. If a customer is rude or otherwise abused, be sure to talk to the cafe manager or manager

ну вы поимите

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