Law is law методичка

Рекомендации по проведению

уроков с применением   модульной
технологии.

    Законом «Об образовании» Республики Казахстан
утвержден принцип вариативности в выборе форм, методов, технологий обучения,
позволяющий использовать наиболее оптимальные и эффективные инновационные
технологии в образовательном процессе учебного заведения. Согласно Рабочей
Программе колледжа  по  специальности «Правоведение» на втором курсе  я  ввожу
в структуру урока инновационные  технологии, имеющиеся в педагогической науке и
практике с целью успешности проведения уроков и формирования более глубоких знаний,
умений и навыков  обучающихся. Из всех известных мне инновационных технологий,
я решила применять модульную технологию обучения по  М.М. Жанпеисовой.

Выбор мной данной технологии обучения объясняется
следующим:

—   Технология модульного обучения предполагает
стремление к организации личностно- мотивированной, познавательной
деятельности;

—   позволяет строить учебный процесс на основе
диалогического общения.  

 Особенностью
конструирования учебного модуля является система собственно  моей подготовки
как преподавателя  к нему, которая сводилась к следующим шагам:

1 шаг: выявление обязательных знаний, умений и
навыков, целей и задач урока.

2 шаг: изучение всего содержания учебного материала по
модулю.

3 шаг: вычленение ключевых понятий, несущих смысловую
нагрузку по данному модулю. Определение их взаимосвязи и взаимозависимости.

4 шаг: составление опорных схем по всей теме (на
основе выделенных ключевых понятий).

5 шаг: составление тестовых заданий по всему
содержанию учебного модуля (15-20 заданий).

6 шаг: составление блока вопросов и заданий по всему
содержанию учебного материала данного модуля для итогового  зачета (в данном
случае мною применялись и другие формы контроля и оценки знаний, умений и
навыков у студентов :квизы,  самопрезентации и т.п.)

Во вводной части учебного модуля сообщается 
новая информация, которая затем трансформируется  в знания обучающихся  .

Чтобы
цель была принята студентами, т.е. стала побудительной силой,  превратилась в
мотив необходимо, чтобы они   осознавали предполагаемые трудности в достижении
цели, контролировали себя в том, насколько успешно идет продвижение к цели.

При
подготовке диалогической части учебного модуля я вычленила и структурировала
основное содержание учебного материала для разбивки его на части. Подачу
учебного материала для проработки его обучающимися  на каждом уроке следует
давать  определенными порциями, в которых в краткой, ёмкой форме  заключено
содержание всего раздела (темы).

Учебный  материал  подобран  в виде краткого текста,
таблицы или схемы и практических заданий для отработки необходимых навыков,
относящихся к данному учебному элементу.

Организация
работы в малых группах позволит  обучающимся самостоятельно или с определенной
помощью достичь конкретных целей и  поможет    им избежать многих ошибок.

Большое количество упражнений позволит  прочно
сформировать навыки усвоения  лексики и грамматики.

Весь учебный материал готовится   на трех уровнях
сложности: простой, средней  и  сложной. Задания  направлены на снижение
языковых и психологических трудностей,возникающих у студентов  в ходе овладения
иностранным языком. Право выбора  одного из трех уровней оставляются  за каждым
обучающимся. Дополнительно  подготовлены задания проблемного характера,
требующие переноса  знаний. Работа диалогической части строится  с учетом
следующих основных принципов:

— принцип целостного подхода к изучаемому и
познаваемому материалу;

— принцип изучения по нарастающей» сначала в сжатом
виде, затем — «раскручивая» содержание, увеличивая объем и вводя второстепенные
детали или факты;

— принцип «возвращения» к теме учебного модуля на
каждом уроке диалогической части.

В итоговой части обучающиеся  выполняют
разноуровневые задания, пишут  эссе на определенную  на тему, выполняют 
контрольные  проверочные  работы, соответствующие  целям урока .

Одной из причин написания  данного учебно-
методического пособия явилось отсутствие дидактического материала и учебников
для преподавания профессионального английского языка  в группах отделения
«Правоведение» Данное пособие состоит из 7 модулей. Каждый модуль пособия
рассчитан на 6 часов . В пособие  включены тексты на английском и русском
языках по юридической тематике, касающиеся устройства политических систем
Казахстана ,Великобритании и США  и других наиболее важных событий .

Учебно-методическое пособие  рассчитано на широкую
аудиторию специалистов ,изучающих английский язык  в связи с деятельностью  в
юридической сфере. Может быть полезно всем лицам ,изучающим английский язык в
группах и самостоятельно.

 
AIMS
AND TASKS OF TEACHING MODULES

Units and themes

I – Unit .What is Law? Module I.

-tо introduce the students to Law and try to answer :”Why do we need law?”

— develop skills and habits in  making up  the  dialogues with   new vocabulary

-rise skills in electing the idea about the covered raised problem

— revise the  grammar «Present Simple»  and apply it in practice

— develop the skills in using of professional vocabulary during the  games .

— bring up the  students in  sense of patriotism and politeness  to Laws and  try to write a composition « Law  in my life»   or make up multilevel exercises

II — Unit. Kazakhstan. Module II.

-develop the skills  of learning by hurt  the vocabulary to the  themes: ”The State Anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan” “The Emblem of the Republic of Kazakhstan”,. “The Flag of the Republic of Kazakhstan”

— rise skills in electing the idea about the covered raised problem

— bring up the  students in  sense of patriotism to the national symbols.

-form the habits of the students in using grammar «To be, there + be, have/has got»

— use the professional terminology  in the dialogues

— revise the grammar and vocabulary   to the theme and write “Quiz”

Module III.

— introduce the students to the new  vocabulary to the  themes: “Political System of  Kazakhstan”,  “Constitution of Kazakhstan”, “Election system in Kazakhstan “

— rise skills in electing the idea about the covered raised problem

— bring up the  students in  sense of patriotism to  native land.

— learn the students to retell with  sense of patriotism about their countries political system .

— form the skills of using  grammar «Pronouns» in practice

— revise the grammar and lexis to the theme and write “Quiz”

III — Unit . Great Britain  Module IV.

— introduce the students to the new    themes: “National Emblems of the United Kingdom “,”The Royal Family”, ”Forming  a   Government. The Cabinet“

— rise skills in electing the idea about the covered raised problem

— teach the students to use the new knowledge in any situations.

— bring up the  students in  sense of politeness to the political systems of other countries .

— revise and  use practice the  English  grammar  theme  « The Past Simple and The Present Perfect Tenses».

— use the professional terminology  in the dialogues

— revise the grammar and lexis to the theme and write “Quiz”

Module V.

— teach  students to speak about :”The British Monarchy Today”, “The British Parliament and the Electoral System”, “British Institutions”

— form  skills in electing the idea about the covered raised problem

-develop the skills  in using  of English  grammar « Future Tenses »in practice.

— strength  the professional  vocabulary playing the  games

— revise the grammar and lexis to the theme and write “Quiz”

Module VI.

— introduce the students with the vocabulary to the themes :”The US Government”,. “The Higher Organs of Power in the USA”, “The US Congress.”

—  develop  skills in electing the idea about the covered raised problem

— bring up the  students in  sense of  politeness  to Laws  and  political  systems  of other countries.

— revise and use in  practice  the English  grammar theme «Prepositions»

— strength  the professional  vocabulary playing the  games

— revise the grammar and lexis to the theme and write “Quiz”

IV — Unit .USA. Module VII.

—  introduce  the students with the vocabulary to  themes :”Judicial system in the USA”,” Law-making procedure in the USA.”, ”Elections in the USA.“

—  continue  to form  skills in electing the idea about the covered raised problem

— bring up the   students in  sense of  politeness  to Laws  and    systems  of other countries.

—  teach the students to talk and comprise the judicial systems of three countries Kazakhstan, Great Britain and USA.

— develop the skills in learning   by hurt   the professional vocabulary to the   themes and using them in the dialogues.

— revise the grammar and lexis to the theme and write “Quiz”

TABLE OF CONTENTS

№ Р/с	UNITS AND THEMES	количество часов
	I — Unit. What is Law?  Module I.	12
1	Introduction to Law	2
2	Why do we need law?	2
3	Law  and Society	2
4	«Present Simple»	2
5	Multilevel exercises	2
6	Composition « Law  in my life»	2
	II — Unit . Kazakhstan. Module II.	12
7	The State Anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan	2
8	The Emblem of the Republic of Kazakhstan	2
9	The Flag of the Republic of Kazakhstan	2
10	«To be, there + be, have/has got»	2
11	Multilevel exercises	2
12	Quiz	2
	Module III.	12
13	Political System of  Kazakhstan	2
14	Constitution of Kazakhstan	2
15	Election system in Kazakhstan	2
16	«Pronouns»	2
17	Multilevel exercises	2
18	Quiz	2
	III — Unit . Great Britain Module IV.	12
19	National  Emblems of  the United  Kingdom	2
20	The Royal Family	2
21	Forming  a Government. The Cabinet.	2
22	«The Past Simple and The Present Perfect Tenses»	2
23	Multilevel exercises	2
24	Quiz	2
	Module V.	12
25	The  British Monarchy Today	2
26	The British Parliament and the Electoral System	2
27	British Institutions	2
28	« Future Tenses »	2
29	Multilevel exercises	2
30	Quiz	2
	Module VI.	12
31	The USA  Government	2
32	The Higher Organs of Power in the USA	2
33	The USA Congress	2
34	«Prepositions»	2
35	Multilevel exercises	2
36	Quiz	2
	IV — Unit .USA. Module VII.	12
37	Judicial system in the USA	2
38	Law-making procedure in the USA	2
39	Elections in the USA	2
40	«Passive Voice»	2
41	Multilevel exercises	2
42	Quiz	2
	Всего	84 часа

TEACHING  MODULES :  

I — Unit.  What is Law?

Module  I. Тhemes: 1. Introduction to Law.2 Why do we need law?
  3. Law  and Society.

parts	number of the lesson	contents of the lesson
Introductory	1-2	Acquaintance with the structure of the module , aims and tasks. I. Introduction. 1. Introduction to Law.2 Why do we need  law? 3. Law and Society (Association)  2. Работа с 2.Lead-in the new vocabulary.                           3. Read and translate the text in groups and write the answers to the questions in the copy-books.                                                 4.Conclusion lesson .Home task.               лексикой.
dialogic	3	Assimilation of  knowledge. 1.Use the vocabulary  in the dialogues and monologues. 2.Dramatizing your dialogues.  3.Playing games:                                                                                                              а) Game: «Go on, go on…» б)Game: «Answer the questions» c) Game: «Snowball». 4.Conclusion lesson .Home task.
4	Revision “English verbs in Present Simple» Practical work: 1. Multilevel grammar exercises. 2. Conclusion lesson .Home task.
5	Mutual checking  of   knowledge and skills . а) Game: «Catching the leader». 1. Multilevel lexis exercises. 2. Conclusion lesson .Home task.
total	6	1.Multilevel lexis and grammar exercises  a) Composition –essay:  «Law in my life» b) making tests 2. Conclusion  lesson .Home task.

Module
II. Themes: 1.The State Anthem of the Republic of
Kazakhstan.

2.The
Emblem of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 3. The
Flag of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

parts	number of the lesson	contents of the lesson
Introductory	1-2	Acquaintance with the structure of the module , aims and tasks. 1.Introduction.1. The State Anthem of  the Republic of Kazakhstan.2.The Emblem of the Republic  of  Kazakhstan. 3. The Flag of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ( Brain storming).                                                          2.Lead-in the new vocabulary.                           3. Read and translate the text in groups and write the answers to the questions in the copy-books.                                                 4.Conclusion lesson .Home task.
dialogic	3	Assimilation of  knowledge. 1.Use the vocabulary  in the dialogues and monologues. 2.Dramatizing your dialogues.                                                                                                                3. Conclusion lesson .Home task.
4	Revision “To be, there + be, have/has got.” Practical work: 1. Multilevel grammar exercises. 2. Conclusion lesson .Home task.
5	Mutual checking  of   knowledge and skills . 1. Multilevel lexis exercises. 2. Conclusion lesson .Home task.
total	6	1. Multilevel lexis and grammar exercises 2. Conclusion  lesson .Home task.

Module  III.

Themes :1.Political
System of  Kazakhstan  2.Constitution of Kazakhstan  3.Election system
in Kazakhstan.

parts	number of the lesson	contents of the lesson
Introductory	1-2	Acquaintance with the structure of the module , aims and tasks. 1 Introduction.. 1.Political System of  Kazakhstan  2.Constitution of Kazakhstan  3.Election system in Kazakhstan.(A basket of ideas)  2.Lead-in the new vocabulary.                           3. Read and translate the text in groups and write the answers to the questions in the copy-books.                                                 4.Conclusion lesson .Home task.
dialogic	3	Assimilation of  knowledge. 1.Use the vocabulary  in the dialogues and monologues. 2.Seminar-lesson . 3. Conclusion lesson .Home task.
4	Revision «Pronouns» Practical work: 1. Multilevel grammar exercises. 2. Conclusion lesson .Home task.
5	Mutual checking  of   knowledge and skills . 1. Multilevel lexis exercises. 2. Conclusion lesson .Home task.
total	6	1. Multilevel lexis and grammar exercises 2. Conclusion  lesson .Home task.

III-Unit.
Great  Britain.

Module  IV. Themes :1. National
Emblems of the United Kingdom .2.The RoyalFamily. 3. Forming a Government
.The Cabinet .

parts	number of the lesson	contents of the lesson
Introductory	1-2	Acquaintance with the structure of the module , aims and tasks. 1. Introduction. 1. National Emblems of the United Kingdom . 2.The Royal Family. 3. Forming  a Government .  The Cabinet.                                                                  ( The idea of key importance).  2.Lead-in the new vocabulary.                           3. Read and translate the text in groups and write the answers to the questions in the copy-books.                                                 4.Conclusion lesson .Home task.
dialogic	3	Assimilation of  knowledge. 1.Use the vocabulary  in the dialogues and monologues. 2. Seminar-lesson. 3. .Conclusion lesson .Home task
4	Revision :« The Past Simple and The Present Perfect  Tenses».  Practical work: 1. Multilevel grammar exercises. 2. Conclusion lesson .Home task.
5	Mutual checking  of   knowledge and skills . 1. Multilevel lexis exercises. 2. Conclusion lesson .Home task.
total	6	1. Multilevel lexis and grammar exercises. 2. Conclusion  lesson .Home task.

Module V.Тhеmes: 1. The
British Monarchy Today. 2. The British Parliament and the Electoral System. 3. British
Institutions.

parts	number of the lesson	contents of the lesson
Introductory	1-2	Acquaintance with the structure of the module , aims and tasks. 1. Introduction. . 1.The British Monarchy Today. 2. The British Parliament and the Electoral System. 3. British Institutions.  2.Lead-in the new vocabulary.                           3. Read and translate the text in groups and write the answers to the questions in the copy-books.                                                 4.Conclusion lesson .Home task.
dialogic	3	Assimilation of  knowledge. 1.Use the vocabulary  in the dialogues and monologues. 2. Game: «I’m to you ,you  are  to me» 3. .Conclusion lesson .Home task .
4	Revision:  « Future Tenses» Practical work: 1. Multilevel grammar exercises. 2. Conclusion lesson .Home task.
5	Mutual checking  of   knowledge and skills 1. Multilevel lexis exercises. 2. Conclusion lesson .Home task.
total	6	1. Multilevel lexis and grammar exercises. 2. Conclusion  lesson .Home task.

IV
Unit- The United States.

Module  VI. Themes: 1.The US Government.2. The Higher Organs of Power in the USA.3. The US Congress.

parts	number of the lesson	contents of the lesson
Introductory	1-2	Acquaintance with the structure of the module , aims and tasks.                                              1. Introduction. 1.The US Government. 2. The Higher Organs of Power in the USA. 3. The US Congress.( Dzhigsow). 2.Lead-in the new vocabulary.                           3. Read and translate the text in groups and write the answers to the questions in the copy-books.                                                 4.Conclusion lesson .Home task.               .
dialogic	3	2.Lead-in the new vocabulary.                           3. Read and translate the text in groups and write the answers to the questions in the copy-books.                                                 4.Conclusion lesson .Home task.
4	Revision «Prepositions». Practical work: 1. Multilevel grammar exercises. 2. Conclusion lesson .Home task.
5	Mutual checking  of   knowledge and skills 1. Multilevel lexis exercises. 2. Conclusion lesson .Home task.
total	6	1. Multilevel lexis and grammar exercises. 2. Conclusion  lesson .Home task.

Module VII.

Themes:1.Judicial
system in the USA. 2 .Law-making procedures in the USA.3.Elections in the USA.

parts	number of the lesson	contents of the lesson
Introductory	1-2	Acquaintance with the structure of the module , aims and tasks.                                       1. Introduction.1. 1.Judicial system in the USA. 2 .Law-making procedure in the USA. 3. Elections in the USA. (Cluster).               2.Lead-in the new vocabulary.                           3. Read and translate the text in groups and write the answers to the questions in the copy-books.                                                 4.Conclusion lesson .Home task.
dialogic	3	Assimilation of  knowledge. 1.Use the vocabulary  in the dialogues and monologues. 2.Dramatizing your dialogues.                                                                                                                3. Conclusion lesson .Home task.
4	Revision «The Passive voice» Practical work: 1. Multilevel grammar exercises. 2. Conclusion lesson .Home task.
5	Mutual checking  of   knowledge and skills 1. Multilevel lexis exercises. 2. Conclusion lesson .Home task.
total	6	1. Multilevel lexis and grammar exercises. 2. Conclusion  lesson .Home task.

Список  литературы

1.AyaghanB.National
Encyclopedia.Editor in chief.–Almaty,2007, p.p. 224-226.

2.Английскийязыквпословицахипоговорках.-Москва
:Высшая школа ,1990,с..94 .

3.
Андерсон Л. О модульном обучении. — Алматы:  Профессионал Казахстана , 2004,

№
6,  с.48 .

4. Бойко В.200 тем английского
языка для абитуриентов. -Москва : БАО-ПРЕСС  РИПОЛ  КЛАССИК,2006.с.448 .

5.Влахова А.С. Учебно-методическое
пособие для студентов 1курса юристов –бакалавров .-Москва. Высшая школа
,2011,с.35.            

 6. Жанпеисова М. М. Модульная
технология обучения как средство развития ученика – Алматы:  Халықталимы ,
2002,с.52 .

7.Касымова С.С. Иностранные языки в
школах Казахстана.-Алматы,№5,с.34.

8.Ковжасарова М.Р., Нурахметов
Н.Н., Аульбекова Г.Д.  Технологизация учебного процесса: казахстанский
опыт.-Алматы: Зият-Пресс, 2005, с.224 .

9.Смакова К.Е. Учебно-методический
журнал.English at school.Калуга,2009,с.47.

10.Черняева  Д.А . Английский язык
:методика преподавания  в школе ,колледже и вузе. -Алматы,2014,№ 1,с.5,с.30.

11.Шустилова
И.И. О Британии вкратце.-Москва:Лист,2003,с.224

12.Электронные ресурсы:

<http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government/legislative-branch>
— the White House website.

<http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/>
— UK Parliament website.

-British Council.

-Shaping the way
we teach English ,Webinar.

Английский язык для юристов-бакалавров

Министерство
образования и науки Российской Федерации

Государственное
образовательное учреждение

высшего
профессионального образования

Московская
государственная юридическая академия им. О.Е. Кутафина

Английский
язык

Для
юристов-бакалавров

учебно-методическое
пособие для студентов 1 курса

Москва 2011

Настоящее учебно-методическое пособие
представляет собой первый модуль учебного плана обучения студентов-бакалавров
на первом курсе по дисциплине «Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции» и
является частью Рабочей программы.

Модуль включает в себя две темы:

. Право и профессия юриста.

. Законотворческая деятельность и основной закон
России и стран изучаемого языка.

Модуль рассчитан на 28 часов аудиторной работы и
8 часов самостоятельной работы для студентов очной формы обучения.

Пособие разработано в соответствии с Рабочей
Программой по дисциплине и ФГОС ВПО нового поколения.

Разработчики — преподаватели кафедры английского
языка № 2 МГЮА им. О.Е. Кутафина.

Тема «Право и профессия юриста» — Влахова А.С.,
к.и.н., доцент, Федотова О.Л., доцент.

CONTENTS

PART
1. LAW AND LEGAL PROFESSIONS

1. UNIT
1. Introduction to Law

2.
UNIT 2 Why do we need law?

3. UNIT
3 Law and Society

4. UNIT
4 Legal professions

5.
UNIT 5 Legal skills

6.
UNIT 6 Applying for a job

7. GLOSSARY

PART
2. LEGISLATION AND CONSTITUTION

.
UNIT 1. Legislation in Russia

.
UNIT 2. Law-making procedure in the USA

10.UNIT 3. The
United Kingdom legislation

11.
UNIT 4. The Constitution of the Russian Federation

.
UNIT 5. Constitutions of the USA and the UK

.
UNIT 6. E-MAIL IN ENGLISH

.
GLOSSARY

15.
Краткий грамматический справочник

PART 1. LAW AND LEGAL PROFESSIONS

1. INTRODUCTION TO LAW

1. Посмотрите
на
рисунки.
Опишите,
что изображено на них. Как Вы думаете, каким образом они связаны с понятием
«право». Какие сферы взаимоотношений в обществе и между людьми регулируются
правом?

A
B C

D
E  F

GH

. Прочитайте данные ниже определения слова «law»,
которое переводится на русский язык как «право, закон». Как Вы думаете, какое
из определений этого слова больше всего подходит к каждому из рисунков?

1.
A rule of conduct or procedure
established by custom, agreement, or authority.

2.
A set of rules or principles dealing
with a specific area of a legal system.

3.
A
way of life.

4.
A statement describing a
relationship observed to be invariable between or among phenomena for all cases
in which the specified conditions are met.

5.
A principle of organization,
procedure, or technique.

6.
A generalization based on consistent
experience or results.

3. Ответьте на вопросы, начиная ответ с одного
из выражений, данных в рамке.

1.
Can we live without laws?

2.
Why do we need the law?

3.
What spheres of life are regulated
by law?

4.
Must people obey laws?

5.
What rules of behavior are accepted
in the society?

6.
Do you share the idea that people
should look only after themselves and take no care about others?

7.
What rules do you obey willingly?

8.
What rules would you abolish if you
could?

9.
Do laws limit your personal freedom?

10.Must all
people study law at school?

11.Do you feel
that laws protect you?

12.What law
would you suggest if you were a Member of Parliament?

4. Прочитайте и выучите идиоматические выражения
со словом «law». Составьте
предложения с каждым из них. (Идиомы — это устойчивые по составу и структуре
лексически неделимые и целостные по значению словосочетания или предложения,
выполняющие функцию словарной единицы).

1. law
and order — правопорядок

2.
the law of the jungle — закон
джунглей

3. to
lay down
the law-
a) устанавливать
правовые нормы, формулировать закон; б) говорить безапелляционным тоном, не
допускать возражений

4. Necessity
knows no law — нужда не знает закона.

5. Посмотрите на карикатуры. Нарисуйте или
опишите устно картинку или карикатуру, которая ассоциируется у вас с одним или
несколькими из данных ниже устойчивых словосочетаний.

1. to
make laws
— издавать, принимать законы

2. to
repeal laws
— отменять законы

3. to
break laws
— нарушать законы

4. to
obey laws
— соблюдать законы

5. to
enforce laws
— обеспечить (принудительно) исполнение закона

6. to
apply laws — применять законы

7.
to be against the law — быть
противозаконным

8. to
study law — изучать право

9. to
amend the
law — вносить поправки
в закон

. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу
глаголами из упражнения 5

1.
The State Duma of the Russian
Federation ____ laws.

2.
The government ___ laws and ___ them
if they are bad.

3.
The police ___ laws.

4.
Courts and judges ___ laws.

5.
Law-abiding people ___ laws.

6.
Criminals ___ laws.

7.
The students of universities ___
law.

2. WHY DO WE NEED THE LAW?

LANGUAGE IN USE

Повторение
грамматики: система времен английских глаголов в активном залоге

1. Прочитайте

а) 1-ю форму глагола

б) 2-ю форму глагола

в) 3-ю форму глагола.

made, make, begun, begin, began,
was, is, been, were, being, drive, driven, driving, drove, kept, keep, arisen,
arise, arose, dealt, deal, dealing, have, had, has, protected, protect, taken,
take, took, feel, felt, flaw, flawed, spoken, spoke, speak, seek, sought,
choose, chosen, chose.

2. Прочитайте формы сказуемого, которые
переводятся на русский язык а) настоящим временем б) прошедшим временем в)
будущим временем.

will begin, have protected, is
speaking, had taken, made, seek to do, shall have, are driving, has felt, were
keeping, ensured, is going to take, will be necessary, deals with, am doing,
flaws, was regulating, had chosen, have resolved, are arising, are going to do,
will settle, drive, keeps, are applying, rejected, shall respect, imposed.

3. Прочитайте только те словосочетания, которые
могут выступать в качестве сказуемого в предложении.

will have finished, alter, in favor
of, unlike rules, should not do, to pay, may be forced, would not be necessary,
did not live, so special, to drive on, help to safeguard, claims to, ensuring,
do not want, applies to, might not be able to go, to speak out publicly, has
kept, are regulating, a great deal of order, like, do not use, will choose, is
speaking.

4. Переведите словосочетания, обращая внимание
на обстоятельства времени

1. … now (at the moment of speech)
we are telling, laws are keeping the society together, he is driving on the
left side of the road, they are seeking to change the law;

. … already, by now (by the moment
of speech) they have formulated the law, government has authorized the court to
complete the investigation, the criminal has broken the law, he has taken
unfair advantage of the weaker, the life has changed.

. … last …, … ago, in 1997 (date)
people began to create laws long ago, last week the parliament amended the law,
yesterday he testified under oath at the trial, in 1985 the Law Society relaxed
the rules.

. Выберите
правильную
форму
глагола.

. Students (are studying, study) law
at the University. 2. He already (graduated, has graduated) from the
university. 3, Last year he (graduated, has graduated) from the university. 4.
The police (didn’t find, haven’t found) the killer yet. 5. For about 10 years
legislators (discussed, have been discussing) the bill. 6. Every year the State
Duma of the RF (is passing, passes) a lot of laws. 7. In 1992 our country
(ratified, had ratified) the treaty. 8. Lawyers (came, have come) to the
agreement by the end of the present session. 9. You (are looking, look) very
thoughtful. What (do you think, are you thinking) about? — I (think, am
thinking) about retirement. — But you are only 25. You only just (started, have
started) your career. — I (know, am knowing), but I (read, have read) an
article which (says, is saying) that a sensible man (started, starts) thinking
about retirement at 25.

6. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на
выделенные слова, которые выступают в разных функциях в предложении.

1. A judge
is a court officer authorized to decide legal cases. But who are they to judge
us? <#»radio» NAME=»q1″ VALUE=»1″>Yes.

o     Not really.

2. Can you
manipulate things for your benefit?

Please answer this
question.

o     Yes, why
not?

o     Not sure.

3. Is your mind
sharp like a knife?

Please answer this question.

o     Yes,
it can cut even iron!

o     It
is more like a butter knife.

4. How good are
your lying abilities?

Please answer this question.

o     Well honed.

o     Not worth
mentioning.

5. How good are you
at convincing people?

Please answer this question.

o     Very good.

o     Barely ok.

6. Can you twist
the truth in your favour?

Please answer this question.

o     Maybe.

o     Not sure.

7. What genres of
movies/novels do you like most?

Please answer this question.

o     Detective
and crime thrillers.

o     Romantic and
comic stories.

Answers:

. a) 10; b) 0 2. a)
10; b) 0 3) a) 10; b) 0 4. a) 10; b) 0 5. a) 10; b) 0 6. a) 10; b) 0 7. a) 10;
b) 0: 1. 0 -30. You can’t become a lawyer.don’t have the qualities of becoming
a lawyer. Forget it!

. 40- 70. You can
become a lawyer. Why not try to be one?

UNIT
5. LEGAL SKILLS

LANGUAGE
IN USE

Повторение грамматики: степени
сравнения прилагательных и наречий

1. Прочитайте прилагательные:

а) в положительной степени

б) в сравнительной степени

в) в превосходной степени.

Сформулируйте основное правило образования
степеней сравнения прилагательных и наречий в английском языке.

many, more, the most, wise, wiser,
the wisest, competitive, more competitive, the most competitive, clear,
clearer, the clearest, concise, more concise, the most concise, bad, worse, the
worst, simple, simpler, the simplest, complex, more complex, the most complex,
little, less, the lest (least), persuasive, more persuasive, the most
persuasive, good, better, the best, efficient, more efficient, the most
efficient, far, farther (further), the farthest (furthest), effective, more
effective, the most effective.

2. Переведите на русский язык следующие
предложения, содержащие сравнительные обороты.

1. This method is as effective as
the previous one. 2. The period is twice as long as a semester. 3. Inform us as
soon as possible. 4. His job is not so efficient as his colleague’s one. 5. The
more you work, the better you study. 6. The document is as concise as possible.
7. Her resume is not so clear as required. 8. His career promotion is twice as
quick as that of the friend. 9. The better you communicate with people, the
more clients you will have.

3. Сравните ученые степени, которые
присваиваются выпускникам высших учебных заведений. Используйте как можно
больше сравнительных оборотов

University Degrees	high / low	popular	honorable
Bachelor’s Degree, (LLB)
Master’s Degree (LLM)
Doctor of Jurisprudence (JD)
Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D)

4. Прочитайте и переведите
текст со словарем.

TEXT 5. TOP
TEN
LEGAL
SKILLS

While legal
positions vary greatly in scope and responsibility, there are several core
legal skills that are required in most legal functions. If you are considering
a career in the law, it is wise to polish these top ten legal skills to excel
in today’s competitive legal market.

. Oral
Communicationis one of the most fundamental tools of the legal professional.
Legal professionals must:

·    Convey
information in a clear, concise, and logical manner.

·              Communicate
persuasively.

·              Advocate
a position or a cause.

·              Master
legal terminology.

·              Develop
keen listening skills.

2. Written
Communication. From writing simple correspondence to drafting complex legal
documents, writing is an integral function of nearly every legal position. Legal
professionals must:

·    Master
the stylistic and mechanical aspects of writing.

·              Master
the fundamentals of grammar.

·              Learn
how to write organized, concise and persuasive prose.

·              Draft
effective legal documents such as motions, briefs, memos, resolutions and

·              legal
agreements.

3. Client Service.
In the client-focused legal industry, serving the client honestly, capably and
responsibly is crucial to success.

. Analytical and
Logical Reasoning. Legal professionals must learn to review and assimilate large
volumes of complex information in an efficient and effective manner. Legal
analytical and logical reasoning skills include: reviewing complex written
documents, drawing inferences and making connections among legal authorities;
developing logical thinking, organization and problem-solving abilities;
structuring and evaluating arguments; using inductive and deductive reasoning
to draw inferences and reach conclusions.

. Legal Research.
Researching legal concepts, case law, judicial opinions, statutes, regulations
and other information is an important legal skill.

. Technology.
Technology is changing the legal landscape and is an integral part of every
legal function. To remain effective in their jobs, legal professionals must
master communications technology including e-mails, voice messaging systems,
videoconferencing and related technology.

. Knowledge of
Substantive Law and Legal Procedure. All legal professionals, even those at the
bottom of the legal career chain, must have basic knowledge of substantive law
and legal procedure.

. Time Management.
In a profession based on a business model (billable hours) that ties
productivity to financial gain, legal professionals are under constant pressure
to bill time and manage large workloads.

. Organization. In
order to manage large volumes of data and documents, legal professionals must
develop top-notch organizational skills.

. Teamwork. Legal
professionals do not work in a vacuum. Even solo practitioners must rely on
secretaries and support staff and team up with co-counsels, experts to deliver
legal services.

5. Найдите в тексте английские
эквиваленты русским словам и словосочетаниям

. профессиональные компетенции
юриста

. представлять информацию в
ясной и краткой форме

. овладеть юридической
терминологией

. развивать способность
внимательно слушать собеседника

. составлять сложные
юридические документы

. овладеть основами грамматики

. составлять ходатайства,
записки по делу

. обслуживать клиента честно и
ответственно

. просматривать и усваивать
большой объем информации

. навыки логического
рассуждения

. делать выводы и умозаключения

. осваивать технологии общения
(коммуникации)

. на нижней ступеньке карьерной
лестницы

. знания материального права и
судопроизводства

. выдерживать большие рабочие
нагрузки

. почасовая оплата

. развивать навыки
самоорганизации высокого класса

. работа в команде

6. Прочитайте дефиниции и соотнесите их со
словами из рамки.

1. An ability to do
something well, especially because you have learned and practiced
it.___________

. To write a plan,
letter, report, bill, etc. that will need to be changed before it is in its
finished form.______________

. A piece of paper
that gives official written information about something._____________

. Someone who pays
for services or advice from the person or organization. ______________

. Serious study of
a subject that is intended to discover new facts or test new ideas.
____________

. Having the
highest quality or standard. ______________

. The process by
which people exchange information or express their thoughts or
feelings.___________

. Переведите предложения на
английский язык, используя слова и словосочетания из текста

. Мы осваиваем юридическую
терминологию с первого дня поступления в университет.

. К концу первого курса он
научится представлять информацию в четкой и краткой форме.

. На вчерашнем семинаре по
истории государства и права России студенты активно отстаивали свои позиции.

. Только к концу прошлого
семинара он понял, как составлять ходатайство.

. Тише, идет лекция!
Преподаватель рассказывает об использовании индуктивно-дедуктивных методов в
работе юриста.

. Он занимался
исследовательской работой в области теории государства и права еще в школе.

. Овладение современными
технологиями общения, такими, как видеоконференции, является неотъемлемой
частью работы юриста.

. Выскажите мнение по поводу
следующих утверждений. Начните ответ с одного из следующих выражений:

а)
выражения
полного
согласия:
“It goes without saying”, “Exactly so”;

б)
выражения
абсолютного
несогласия:
“Nothing of the kind”, “Surely not”;

в)
выражения
неуверенности
и
неясности
позиции:
“I’m not quite sure about it”, “That’s hard to tell…”.

. Legal research is
the only reliable tool of the legal profession.

. In the first year
students must read and brief hundreds of cases.

. Experts say that
the brain is a complex information processor capable of processing and
assimilating complex information at greater speeds through practice.

. We must know how
to analyze and gather information, identify issues, organize our data base,
draft inferences and reach conclusions.

. You can brush up
your writing skills by reading resources on the craft of writing.

. It is easy to
learn legal English.

. It is possible
for me to learn and memorize for ever a large amount of information for a few
days.

. We must pace
ourselves and learn the substantive law and legal procedure.

9. Выступите в качестве переводчика

BE CAREFUL. A
CAREER IN LAW COULD CHANGE THE WAY YOU THINK

Guest Henry
Dahut, Esq.
<#»518597.files/image011.gif»>

7. Используя текст 1 и схему упражнения 4,
расскажите о законодательной власти в Российской Федерации

. Заполните пропуски словами и словосочетаниями
в рамке.

1.  The 628-member law-making body,
termed the Federal Assembly, consists of two chambers, the 450-member State
Duma (_____) and the 178-member Federation Council (____).

2.      The State Duma confirms the
_______ of the prime minister, although it does not have the power to confirm
Government ministers.

.        The two chambers of the
legislature also have the power ______ of legislation.

.        Upon the advice of the
prime minister, the president can _______ Government members, including the
deputy prime ministers.

.        Under the 1993
constitution, if the president commits «grave crimes» or treason, the
State Duma may _______ him with the parliament’s upper house, the Federation
Council.

.        Several bills that the
President had ________ were taken up again by the new legislature.

.        The Federation Council
deals primarily with such _______ as internal borders and decrees of the
president establishing martial law or states of emergency etc.

.        All ________, even those
proposed by the Federation Council, must first be considered by the State Duma.

.        According to the 1993
constitution, the State Duma must decide within one week to __________ a
candidate once the president has placed that person’s name in nomination.

.        Each legislative chamber
______ a chairman to control the internal procedures of the chamber.

11.    Замените русские слова и выражения в
скобках соответствующими английскими эквивалентами

1.  The
State Duma (принимает постановления)
on (вопросам)
referred to its authority by the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
Decrees of the State Duma are adopted by a majority of the total number of
deputies of the State Duma, unless another procedure is envisaged by the
Constitution. All (законопроекты)
are first (одобряются)
by the State Duma and are further debated and approved (or (отклоняются))
by the Federation Council.

2.         The
(Государственная
Дума)
in the Russian Federation is the lower house of the (Федерального
Собрания)
of Russia (legislature), the upper house being the (Совет
Федераций)
of Russia.

3.         The
president (назначает)
the prime minister, and the Duma (голосует)
whether to confirm the appointment. The president has wide legislative powers,
including the (право вето)
and decree. Decrees carry the force of law, but may not violate existing law.
The Federal Assembly may (преодолеть
президентское
вето)
by a two-thirds vote of each chamber.

4.         (Законодательная
деятельность)
originates in the Duma and, if passed, is sent to the Federation Council. If
the Federation Council approves the legislation or fails to examine it within
fourteen days, the legislation is sent to the president to be signed.

5.         When
considering federal constitutional laws, three-fourths of the Council have to (проголосовать).
If the Council vetoes a law passed by the State Duma, the two chambers are
mandated to form a (согласительную
комиссию)
in order to (прийти к
компромиссу)
and make up a document, which would again go under vote by both houses.

6.         The
two houses of the Federal Assembly (заседают
раздельно),
with the State Duma residing in another part of Moscow. Sessions of the
Federation Council are held in Moscow from January 25 to July 15 and from
September 16 to December 31.

7.         The
State Duma has special powers enumerated by the Constitution of Russia. Among
them there is the power to (выносить
обвинение)
against the President of the Russian Federation for his impeachment.

LANGUAGE
IN USE

Повторение
грамматики: система времен английских глаголов в пассивном залоге

10.Замените глагольные формы в активном залоге в
предложениях на пассивные, как указано в примерах и дайте их русские
эквиваленты.

Examples:1 At first, The State Duma
considers all bills.first, all bills are considered by the State Duma (usually,
always).2 At first, The State Duma considered all bills.first, all bills were
considered by the State Duma.(yesterday, two days ago, the day before
yesterday).3 At first, The State Duma will consider all billsfirst, all bills
will be considered by the State Duma (tomorrow, in a week, in amonth).

.   A majority of the total number
of deputies of the State Duma adopts decrees of the State Duma.

2.      The Constitution of Russia
enumerates special powers of the State Duma.

.        The Federation Council
considered a draft law yesterday.

.        The State Duma overrode the
veto of the Federation Council two weeks ago.

.        The President will sign the
bill tomorrow.

.        If necessary, the two
chambers form a conciliation commission to work out a compromise version of the
legislation.

.        The State Duma will pass
the bill in a few months.

.        The Federation Council
rejected the bill the day before.

.        The State Duma and the
Federation Council will vote for the draft law the day after tomorrow.

.        The State Duma brings
charges against the President.

11. Переведите предложения на английский язык,
используя слова и словосочетания из текста.

1.  Высший орган законодательной власти в России
— Федеральное Собрание — состоит из двух палат: верхней и нижней.

2.      Верхняя палата именуется Советом
Федерации, нижняя — Государственной Думой.

.        Совет Федерации и Государственная Дума
проводят заседания раздельно, каждая палата имеет свои полномочия.

.        В России действует принцип разделения
властей.

.        Первоначально закон принимается простым
большинством в Государственной Думе, затем рассматривается Советом Федерации.

.        В том случае, если между палатами
возникают разногласия, палаты формируют согласительную комиссию.

.        Для преодоления вето в каждой из палат
закон должен быть одобрен не менее чем 2/3 голосов.

.        Законодательная деятельность в
Российской Федерации урегулирована Конституцией Российской Федерации.

.        В течение 14 дней Президент может
отклонить закон, то есть наложить на него вето, и вернуть обратно в
Государственную Думу.

10.    Законопроект обсуждается на заседаниях
Государственной Думы, в текст законопроектов вносятся поправки, изменения,
дополнения.

12. Самостоятельная работа. Изучите раздел Конституции,
посвященный законодательной ветви власти в России, и найдите ответы на вопросы

1. Who are the members of the
Council of Federation?

2.      Who does the State Duma
consist of?

.        What term shall the State
Duma be elected for?

.        Who can be elected a deputy
of the State Duma?

.        What does it mean for
deputies to enjoy immunity?

.        Who shall the Council of
Federation and the Sate Duma elect from among its members?

.        What are the duties of the
Chairman and his (her) deputies?

.        What are the
responsibilities of committees and commissions? (consult other sources)

.        What shall the State Duma
and the Federal Council do if the President rejects the federal law?

.        In what cases may the State
Duma be dissolved by the President?

2. LAW-MAKING PROCEDURE IN THE USA

1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is the legislative body in
the USA? What does it consist of?

. What are the steps in the
legislative process?

. What are the sources of bills? Who
can introduce the legislation?2. LAW-MAKING PROCEDURE IN THE USACongress of the
United States is the highest lawmaking body in the United States and one of the
oldest national legislatures in the world. The U.S. Congress consists of two
houses-the Senate and the House of Representatives. A member of the Senate is referred
to as a senator, and a member of the House of Representatives is called a
representative or congressman or congresswoman.general process for making a
bill into a law is described in the Constitution.first step in the legislative
process is the introduction of a bill to the Congress. Bills originate from
several different sources: from individual members of the Congress, from a
member of a constituent or a group of constituents, from one or more state
legislatures, or the President or his administration, but only members of the
Congress can introduce legislation.being introduced, a bill is referred to the
appropriate committee for review. There are 17 Senate committees, with 70
subcommittees, and 23 House committees, with 104 subcommittees. A bill is first
considered in a subcommittee, where it may be accepted, amended, or rejected.
If the members of the subcommittee agree to move a bill forward, it is reported
to the full committee, where the process is repeated again. If the full
committee votes to approve the bill, it is reported to the House or the
Senate.the bill comes up for consideration, the House has a very structured
debate process. Each member who wishes to speak only has a few minutes, and the
number and kind of amendments are usually limited. In the Senate, debate on
most bills is unlimited — Senators may speak to issues other than the bill
under consideration during their speeches, and any amendment can be introduced.
A bill must pass both houses of the Congress before it goes to the President
for consideration. Once debate has ended and any amendments to the bill have
been approved, the full membership will vote for or against the bill.bill is
then sent to the President. When receiving a bill from the Congress, the
President has several options. If the President agrees with the bill, he or she
may sign it into law. If the President disagrees with the bill, he may veto it
and send it back to the Congress. The Congress may override the veto with a
two-thirds vote of each chamber, at which point the bill becomes law and is
printed.

2. Выразите согласие/несогласие со следующими
утверждениями, используя ту или иную речевую модель.

Model: a) I fully agree with the
statement.) I am afraid, I can’t agree with it.

.   The Senate is the main
legislative body of the USA.

2.      The Constitution of the USA
sets forth the general process for making a bill into law.

.        The first step in the
legislative process is voting.

.        In the House of
Representatives, debate on most bills is unlimited.

.        All bill must pass both
houses of the Congress before it goes to the President.

.        When receiving a bill from
the Congress, the President has to sign it.

.        The Congress has no right
to override the presidential veto.

3. Изучите схему принятия закона в США. Сравните
с информацией из текста 2. Найдите и опишите этапы законодательного процесса,
которые не раскрыты в тексте 2

public hearing — открытые
слушания
(meeting or session of a Senate, House, Joint, or Special Committee of
Congress, usually open to the public, to obtain information and opinions on
proposed legislation)

conference committee — комитет по согласованию
расхождений, согласительный комитет

floor action — пленарная
акция
(once a bill reaches the floor, it can be debated and amended before coming to
a vote)

highway act — основной (итоговый) проект закона

5. Посмотрите на картинки. Изучите законы,
которые действуют в разных штатах США. LOONY*
LAWS

Ответьте на
вопросы

1. Can you figure out why each law
has been passed?

. What conditions in society might
have led to its passing?

. Are there laws today that may be
considered loony in the future?

6. Напишите «безумный» закон или правило,
которому необходимо следовать дома или в университете. Объясните, почему вы
считаете его таковым. Спросите других студентов, что они думают о нем.

Note:

*loony:
сумасшедший, безумный, бредовый

UNIT 3. THE UNITED KINGDOM
LEGISLATION

1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is the legislative body in
the UK? What does it consist of?

. What are the steps in the
legislative process?

. What are the sources of bills? Who
can introduce the legislation?3. THE UNITED KINGDOM LEGISLATIONGreat Britain
laws are made in Parliament at Westminster. The British Parliament consists of
the monarch, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. Their work is
similar: making laws (legislation), checking the work of the government
(scrutiny), and debating current issues. The House of Lords is composed of life
peers and hereditary peers. The House of Common is composed of Members of
Parliament (Mps).idea for a new law can come from a variety of sources: bills
may be introduced by any member of either House (a «Private Member’s
Bill»), a Minister of the Crown (a «Government Bill»), by the
general public («Public Bills»), by an individual or small group of
individuals (a «Private Bill»).reading is the first stage of a Bill’s
passage through the House of Commons — usually a formality, it takes place
without debate. The short title of the Bill is read out and then the Bill is
printed. The Bill is published as a House of Commons paper for the first
time.next stage is second reading, the first opportunity for MPs to debate the
general principles and themes of the Bill.second reading is completed the Bill
proceeds to committee stage. Committee stage is where detailed examination of
the Bill takes placel, clause by clause,
determining the intent and impact of the bill’s language. This is therefore
often considered the most important step in the parliamentary process for
researchers aiming to determine legislative intent. It is at this stage that
amendments are made. If the Bill has been amended the Bill is reprinted before
its next stage.committee stage is finished, the Bill returns to the floor of
the House of Commons for its report stage, where the amended Bill can be
debated and further amendments proposed. All MPs can suggest amendments to the
Bill or new clauses (parts) they think should be added.stage is normally
followed immediately by debate on the Bill’s third reading. Committee stage is
where detailed examination of the Bill takes place, clause by clause,
determining the intent and impact of the bill’s language. Amendments (proposals
for change) cannot be made to a Bill at third reading in the Commons.process in
the House of Lords is very similar to the process in the House of Commons. The
bill will have a pro forma first reading, then a second reading. After the
second reading the bill will normally be referred to a Committee of the Whole
House. The bill then passes through a consideration stage and a third reading.
In the House of Lords amendments may be made in the Committee of the Whole
House, the consideration stage, and the third reading (this is different from
the House of Commons where no amendments can be made in the third reading).the
Bill started in the Commons it goes to the House of Lords for its first
reading. If the Bill started in the Lords it
returns to the House of Lords for consideration of any amendments the Commons
has made. Both Houses must agree on the exact wording of the Bill. A Bill may
go back and forth between each House (‘Ping Pong’) until both Houses reach agreement.a
Bill has completed all its parliamentary stages in both Houses, it must have
Royal Assent before it can become an Act of Parliament (law). Royal Assent is
the Monarch’s agreement to make the Bill into an Act and is a formality. When
Royal Assent has been given to a Bill, the announcement is usually made in both
Houses by the Lord Speaker in the Lords and the Speaker in the Commons.

1. Закончите предложения согласно содержанию
текста и переведите их на русский язык.

1. The British Parliament consists
of ____________________.

2.      During the first reading the
short title of the Bill __________

3. The second reading is the first
opportunity _______________

.   Committee stage is
_______________________________.

5.      Once committee stage is
finished, the Bill returns to the floor of the House of Commons for its report
stage, where __________________________.

.        Report stage is followed by
________________________.

7. The process in the House of Lords
is ________________.

.   Royal Assent is
_________________________________.

9.      When Royal Assent has been
given to a Bill, __________.

3. Просмотрите текст 3 и заполните таблицу,
отражающую этапы принятия закона в Великобритании.

. Используя информацию из текстов 1, 2, 3, а также
дополнительные источники заполните таблицу. Проанализируйте таблицу и сделайте
вывод, что общего и в чем различия законодательного процесса в России, США и
Великобритании

	The Russian Federation	The United States of America	The United Kingdom
The legislative body and its structure
Members of each House
Requirements for the members of both Houses
Who can introduce the bill?
The number of steps in the legislative process
Who signs the bill?

. Работа в парах. Используя таблицу, задайте
друг другу вопросы по каждому пункту. Сделайте совместную мини-презентацию
темы.

6. РОЛЕВАЯ
ИГРА
«We are making laws»

Организация игры

. Выберите одного человека на роль Президента.
Его задача: ознакомиться с законопроектом, предложить свои поправки, одобрить,
подписать и огласить закон, или отклонить его (наложить вето). Обосновать свое
решение.

. Остальную часть группы поделите на две
подгруппы — Государственная Дума (большая часть группы) и Совет Федерации.

. Задача обеих палат: выбрать председателя и под
его руководством осуществлять рассмотрение законопроекта и выносить решение о
принятии или отклонении закона.

. Прежде чем вступать в игру, вспомните
содержание текста 1, еще раз проанализируйте процесс принятия закона в России.
Для удобства можно изобразить процесс схематично на доске или воспользоваться
схемой из Упражнения 4. Четко сформулируйте последовательность действий в игре
(какая палата должна обсуждать законопроект первой, что потом происходит с
проектом, как может действовать каждая палата, когда в игру вступает президент
и др.). Помните, что игра интересна только тогда, когда она четко организована.

UNIT 4. THE CONSTITUTION OF THE
RUSSIAN FEDERATION

1. Подумайте
и ответьте на вопросы:

·  Think of several
bad things that a government could do to its citizens. Give examples.

·        How
can citizens prevent a government from doing these things?

·  What is a
constitution?

·        What basic
principles are contained in a constitution?

·        Why is a
constitution the supreme law of any country?

2. Прочитайте и переведите текст

TEXT 4. THE
CONSTITUTION OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATIONConstitution of the Russian Federation is
Russia’s supreme law, passed through a national vote. It contains the basic
principles of the Russian constitutional system.Constitution:

·  defines the federative
structure of the Russian Federation;

·        establishes the
principles of sovereignty and independence of the Russian Federation;

·        defines the
principle of separation of powers between legislative, executive and judicial
branches;

·        establishes
equality of ideologies and religions;

·        defines the Russian
Federation as a secular state.

The Constitution of the Russian
Federation defines the rights and freedoms of a human and a citizen, sets their
priority when handling any questions, and proclaims the principle of equality
before law and court. As for the federative structure, the Constitution
contains the list of component units of the Russian Federation, covers the
questions that are in the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and those that
are in the joint jurisdiction of federal and local authorities.articles are
devoted to the bodies of federal power: the President of the Russian
Federation, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, and the Government
of the Russian Federation and also the judicial power of the Russian
Federation. In these articles, the order and the terms of appointed and elected
officials and the limits of their competence are defined according to the
principle of separation of powers.the Constitution accepted on December 12,
1993 at the all-Russia referendum, full authority in the RF belongs to the
President and bodies of legislative (two-chamber parliament — Federal
Assembly), executive (Government of the Russian Federation) and the judicial
authority, which work independently.President of the Russian Federation is the Head
of the State; the duties of the President are listed, including his status of
the Supreme Commander of the military forces of the Russian Federation. The
Constitution also contains the text of the oath taken by the President of the
Russian Federation when entering the post.Federal Assembly of the Russian
Federation (the Federation Council and the State Duma) represents the
legislature. The order of electing representatives for these chambers, their
competence, terms of office are provided by the Constitution.Government of the
Russian Federation is the executive branch. The Constitution determines the
extent of its jurisdiction and also defines the order and the terms of office
of government officials.power is implemented by means of constitutional, civil,
administrative, and criminal legal proceedings. The Constitution establishes
the principles of independence, irremovability and immunity of judges, thus
providing for objectiveness and impartiality of the court.system of courts of
the Russian Federation consists of:

·  the Constitutional Court of the
Russian Federation;

·        the Supreme Court
of the Russian Federation;

·        the Higher
Arbitration Tribunal of the Russian Federation.

Separate articles are devoted to the
office of Public Prosecutions of the Russian Federation with functions of
supervision and control, and to the procedure for adoption of Constitutional
amendments. The Constitution regulates the questions of local self-government,
including its authority and sphere of activity.and Final provisions regulating
the promulgation of the Constitution and its enforcement are included in Part 2
of the Constitution.

3. Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и
словосочетания из текста

1. to establish the
principles of sovereignty and independence

2.      to cover
the
questions

.        to be devoted to
the bodies of federal power

.        competence

.        legislative authority

.        executive authority

.        judicial authority

.        to list the
duties

.        military forces

.        to represent the
legislature

.        to determine the
extent of the jurisdiction

.        immunity of
judges

13. objectiveness and
impartiality of the court.

14. supervision and
control

.
promulgation of the Constitution and its
enforcement

4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты
следующим русским словам и словосочетаниям

1.   суверенитет

2.      принимать закон

.        независимость

.        светский

.        разбирать вопрос

.        провозглашать

.        равенство

.        судопроизводство

.        сроки полномочий

.        вступать в должность

.        исполнять

.        чиновник (должностное лицо)

.        несменяемость (постоянство)

.        предусматривать

.        беспристрастность

16.    приносить присягу

5. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту

1. What does the Constitution of the
RF define and establish?

2.      What provisions does the
Constitution have regarding the federative structure?

.        What are the bodies of
federal power?

.        Who does the full authority
belong to under the current Constitution?

.        What provisions concerning
the legislature are provided by the Constitution?

.        What is the executive
branch of the RF?

.        How is judicial power
implemented in the RF?

8.      What does the system of
courts consist of?

6. Подберите синонимы из правой колонки к словам
в левой колонке

1. fundamental 2. power 3. independently 4. establish 5. duty 6. solemn promise 7. term 8. elect 9. objective 10. belong to

a) impartial b) period of time c) be vested in d) choose e) obligation f) basic g) separately h) oath i) set up j) authority

7. Подберите антонимы из правой колонки к словам
в левой колонке

1. competence 2. enter 3. sovereignty 4. accept 5. secular

a) dependence b) reject c) ignorance d) vacate e) religious

. Закончите предложения согласно содержанию
текста

1) Constitution
establishes …

·  the principles of independence
and partial sovereignty of the RF

·        equalities of
ideologies but not religions

·        the principle of
separation of powers

2) As for the federative structure,
the Constitution …

·  covers the questions that are
exclusively in the jurisdiction of the RF leaving out the competence of federal
and local authorities

·        contains the list
of component units of the RF

·        covers only those
questions that are in the joint jurisdiction of federal and local authorities

3) The bodies of federal power are…

·  the Federal Assembly of the RF
and the judiciary of the RF

·        the President of
the RF and the Government of the RF

·        all the bodies
mentioned above in a) and b)

4) The Federal Assembly of the RF
represents

·  the legislature

·        the judiciary

·        the executive
branch

5) The Constitution determines…

·  the extent of the jurisdiction
of the executive branch

·        the order and the
terms of office of the governmental officials

·        both

6) Judicial power is implemented by
means of …

·  civil and criminal legal
proceedings

·        constitutional and
administrative legal proceedings

·        all the proceedings
mentioned in a) and b)

LANGUAGE
IN USE

Повторение
грамматики: система времен английских глаголов в пассивном залоге

9. Замените глагольные формы в активном залоге в
предложениях на пассивные, как указано в примерах и дайте их русские эквиваленты.

Examples:1The constitution defines the
federative structure of the Russian Federation.federative structure of the
Russian Federation is defined in the.2 The
constitution defined the federative structure of the
Russian Federation.federative structure of the Russian Federation was defined
in the. (several years ago, yesterday, two
days ago, the day before).3 The constitution will define the
federative structure of the Russian Federation.federative
structure of the Russian Federation will be defined in the

Constitution (one
of these days, tomorrow, in a week, in several months).

1. The Constitution of the Russian
Federation defines the rights and freedoms of a human and a citizen.

2.      The Constitution defined the
Russian Federation as a secular state in 1993.

.        The Constitution contains
the text of the oath taken by the President of the Russian Federation.

.        The Constitution determines
the extent of the jurisdiction of the Russian Government.

.        The Constitution
established the principles of independence, irremovability and immunity of
judges when it was adopted.

.        The Constitution will
regulate the questions of local self-government in a year.

.        Part 2 of the Constitution
includes Transitional and Final provisions.

10. Соотнесите слова из правой колонки с их
определениями из левой колонки.

1. an official 2. the legislative power  3. immunity  4. supervision  5. the executive power  6. competence  7. enforcement   8. the judicial power  9. legal proceeding  10. impartiality

11. freedom from favoritism, disinterestedness, fairness 12. the quality or condition of being legally qualified to perform an act 13. a giving force to, authority, or effect to 14. one who holds an office or position, especially one who acts in a subordinate capacity for an institution such as a corporation or governmental agency 15. the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state 16. the part of government that has sole authority and responsibility for the daily administration of the state affairs 17. all actions that are authorized or sanctioned by law and instituted in a court or a tribunal for the acquisition of rights or the enforcement of remedies 18. authority belonging to an officially elected body of people vested with the responsibility to make laws 19. authoritative control over the affairs of others 20. exemption from normal legal duties, penalties, or liabilities, granted to a special group of people

11. Переведите предложения, используя слова и
словосочетания из текста

1. Конституция Российской федерации — главный
нормативный акт, имеющий высшую юридическую силу.

2.      Конституция устанавливает основы
социального, экономического и политического устройства России.

.        Конституция провозглашает идею
приоритета прав и свобод человека.

.        Носителем суверенитета и единственным
источником власти в РФ является ее многонациональный народ.

.        Все граждане России равны перед законом
и судом.

.        Статья 10 Конституции Российской
Федерации предусматривает принцип разделения государственной власти на
законодательную, исполнительную и судебную.

.        Судебная власть осуществляется
посредством конституционного, гражданского, административного и уголовного
судопроизводства.

.        Согласно Конституции судьи обладают
независимостью, несменяемостью и неприкосновенностью.

.        Компетенция Прокуратуры включает надзор
за исполнением законов всеми учреждениями, должностными лицами и гражданами.

10.  При вступлении в должность Президент
Российской Федерации приносит присягу.

UNIT 5. CONSTITUTIONS OF THE USA AND
THE UK

1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы:

1. When was the US Constitution
adopted?

2.      What does the US
Constitution consist of?

.        How are the first 10
amendments to the US Constitution called?

.        What rights and liberties
are protected under the Bill of Rights?

.        What is required in federal
criminal cases?

.        What kind of trial is
guaranteed by the Bill of Rights?

.        What are key features of
the US Constitution?

.        What are the three branches
of power according to the Constitution?

.        Is there a strict
separation of powers?

.        Does any branch have more
power than the others?

.        What duties does every
branch have regarding the other branches under the principle of checks and
balances?

.        What are the composition
and powers of the judicial branch according to the US Constitution?

TEXT 5. THE
US CONSTITUTIONform of the US government is based on the Constitution of 1787
which was adopted after the War of Independence. The US Constitution consists
of 7 articles and 27 amendments. The first 10 amendments are called the Bill of
Rights and were adopted in 1791 under popular pressure.

The Bill of Rights is a series of
limitations on the power of the United States federal government, protecting
the natural rights and liberties, property including freedom of religion,
freedom of speech, a free press, free assembly, and free association, as well
as the right to keep and carry arms. In federal criminal cases, it requires
indictment by a grand jury for any capital crime, guarantees a speedy, public
trial with an impartial jury composed of members of the state in which the
crime occurred.key feature of the US Constitution is federalism — the division
of power between the national government and the states. Another major feature
of the Constitution is the principle of the separation of powers within the
national government. According to this principle the executive, legislative and
judicial branches exercise powers that are largely separate and distinct. There
is not a strict and complete separation of powers, the powers of the three
branches overlap. Each branch has its own responsibilities, but no branch has
more power than the other branches. There is the system of checks and balances,
that is each branch has certain duties to check the powers of the other
branches. This system was meant to protect against the extremes since it makes
compromise and consensus necessary.legislative branch is called the Congress
which consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It is the
responsibility of the Congress to propose and pass laws. In the system of
checks and balances, Congress can refuse to approve Presidential appointments
and can override presidential veto.executive branch consists of the President,
the Vice President, the Cabinet and the 13 Departments, and also of the
independent agencies. Its responsibility is to enforce laws. According to the
principle of checks and balances, the President has the power of veto to reject
the bill of the Congress. He also appoints all Supreme Court Justices.judicial
branch consists of the Supreme Court, 11 Circuit Courts of Appeals and 94
District Courts. This branch explains and interprets laws and makes decisions
in lawsuits. It has the power over the other two branches and according to the
principle of checks and balances can declare their actions and laws
unconstitutional in case they violate the principles of the Constitution.

2. Выразите согласие/несогласие со следующими
утверждениями, используя ту или иную речевую модель

Model:

c) I think it is true. The text
tells us that ………

d)      To my mind, it is false
because …………

1. The US Constitution was adopted
in 1918 after the World War I.

2.      The first 10 amendments are
called the Bill of Rights.

.        The Bill of Rights sets
forth the structure of the Federal Government.

.        The key features of the US
Constitution are federalism, the separation of powers and the system of checks
and balances.

.        The legislative branch has
more powers then the others.

.        The powers of the three
branches don’t overlap.

.        The system of checks and
balances was meant to protect against the
extremes.

8.      The responsibilities of the
Congress are to protect the rights of citizens and enforce laws.

9. The executive branch consists of
the President, the Vice President, the Cabinet and the 13 Departments, and also
of the independent agencies.

10.    The judicial branch explains
and interprets laws and makes decisions in lawsuits.

3. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы

1. What makes the UK Constitution
different from other constitutions?

2.      What are the sources of the
UK Constitution?

.        What is the core principle
of the UK Constitution?

.        What bodies represent the
three branches of power (executive, legislative and judiciary)?

TEXT 6. THE
BRITISH CONSTITUTIONBritish Constitution is unwritten unlike the constitution
in America or the proposed European Constitution, and as such, is referred to
as an uncodified constitution in the sense that there is no single document
that can be identified as Britain’s constitution. The British Constitution can
be found in a variety of documents. The main ones are: Statutes (the Magna
Carta of 1215 and the Act of Settlement of 1701), Acts of Parliament; customs
and traditions, political conventions, case law; constitutional matters decided
in a court of law.

Since the English Civil War, the
core principle of the British constitution has traditionally been the doctrine
of parliamentary sovereignty, according to which the statutes passed by
Parliament are the UK’s supreme and final source of law. It follows that
Parliament can change the constitution simply by passing new Acts of Parliamentto
to be followed by the Royal Assent. There is some
debate about whether this principle remains entirely valid today, in part due
to the UK’s European Union membership.

According to
the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty, Parliament may pass any legislation
that it wishes. There are many Acts of Parliament which themselves have
constitutional significance. For example, Parliament has the power to determine
the length of its own term. However, the Sovereign retains the power to
dissolve parliament at any time on the advice of the Prime Minister. Parliament
also has the power to change the structure of its constituent houses and the
relation between them.consists of the Sovereign, the House of Commons and the
House of Lords. All the legislation must receive the approval of the Sovereign
(Royal Assent). Following the accession of the UK to European Economic
Community (now the European Union) in 1972, the UK became bound by European law
and more importantly, the principle of the supremacy of European Union
law.House of Commons alone possesses the power to pass a motion of no
confidence in the Government, which requires the Government either to resign or
seek fresh elections. Such a motion does not require passage by the Lords, or
Royal Assent. Parliament traditionally also has the power to remove individual
members of the government by impeachment. By the Constitutional Reform Act 2005
it has the power to remove individual judges from office for
misconduct.executive power in the United Kingdom is exercised by the Sovereign
through Her Majesty’s Government. The monarch appoints a Prime Minister as the
head of Her Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom. The Prime Minister then
selects the other Ministers which make up the Government. As in some other
parliamentary systems of government, the executive is answerable to
Parliament.Courts of the United Kingdom are separated into three separate
jurisidictions serving England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, as the
United Kingdom does not have a single unified judicial system.Constitutional
Reform Act 2005 created a new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom to take over
the judicial functions of the House of Lords and devolution cases from the
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. The Supreme Court began work in 2009,
and serves as the highest court of appeal in England and Wales and in Northern
Ireland, and for civil cases in Scotland. The High Court of Justiciary will
remain the court of last resort in Scotland for criminal cases.

4. Согласитесь или опровергните следующие
утверждения

1.   The British Constitution is
unwritten like the Constitutions of the USA and the Proposed European
Constitution.

2.      The British Constitution can
be found in a variety of documents.

.        Amendments to the British
Constitution need the approval of the both Houses of Parliament, but they do
not need the Royal Assent.

.        The parliamentary
sovereignty has always been the core principle of the British Constitution.

.        The Sovereign has no power
to dissolve parliament.

.        Parliament has no power to
change the structure of its houses.

.        The British Parliament
consists only of the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

.        The European law has
priority over the UK law.

.        The executive power in the
United Kingdom is exercised by the Sovereign.

10.    The Constitutional Reform Act
2005 created a new Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.

5. Прочитайте текст о разных видах конституции и
переведите его письменно.

Types of ConstitutionsConstitution
is a system which establishes the fundamental rules and principles which a
state will use to govern and regulate.are several types of constitutions:
written/unwritten constitution, rigid/flexible constitution, federal/unitary
constitution.term written constitution is used to describe a constitution that
is entirely written, that is codified in one single document. Written
constitutions normally consist of a ceremonial preamble, which sets forth the
goals of the state and the motivation for the constitution, and several
articles containing the substantive provisions.term unwritten constitution is
used to describe a based on series of laws over time. Unwritten constitutions
could contain written sources: e.g. constitutional statutes enacted by the
Parliament; and also unwritten sources: constitutional conventions, customs and
traditions.historians use the term “rigid” to describe the Constitution because
the provisions are in a written document that cannot be legally changed with
the same ease and in the same manner as ordinary laws. On the other hand, the
Constitution is called “flexible” because it is an unwritten document that can
be changed by an act of Parliament or through a process of amendment.federal
constitution establishes the division of authority between the Federal
Government and the component units of the
government. In a federal constitution,
sovereignty is invested in the central government. It allows a limited amount
of government among units.unitary constitution relates to the parliament. It
follows parliamentary system of power. The unitary constitution establishes a
unitary system of government where a central government does exist. Although
units are associated with that government, sovereignty is controlled by the
central government.

6. Используя текст, охарактеризуйте конституции
Российской Федерации, США и Великобритании

UNIT 6. E-MAIL IN ENGLISH

1. Подумайте и ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is email?

2.      What do you think about this
way of communication?

.        How often do you write
emails?

.        How does email differ from
a letter?

.        Do you know any rules of
writing an email?

Каждое письмо E-mail
содержит две основные части: заголовок и тело.

Заголовок письма содержится в следующих полях:

·  В поле To: (Куда) записывается адрес получателя
сообщения. В зависимости от используемого сервера или почтовой клиент-программы
это поле может называться Message To: или Mail To:.

·        Поле From: (Ваш адрес E-mail) Обычно
этот адрес автоматически записывается и поэтому может отсутствовать на экране.

·        В поле Subject: (Тема) указывается
краткая аннотация содержания сообщения (не более 20-30 знаков)

·        В поле Сс (carbone copy): (Копия)
при необходимости записываются адреса корреспондентов, которым рассылаются
копии сообщений.

·        В поле Всс (blind carbone copy):
(Скрытая копия) указываются адреса корреспондентов, которым копии сообщений
рассылаются в тайне от первого адресата.

Структура тела электронного письма:

1. Salutation
(приветствие). Выбор приветственной фразы зависит того, насколько хорошо вы
знаете адресата.

2. Opening
sentence (вступительное
предложение). Объясняет причину создания письма,всегда начинается с заглавной
буквы.

3. Main
part (основная часть).
Содержание письма.

4. Conclusion
(заключение). Часть, в которой вы сообщаете о том, что ждете (или не ждете)
ответа от адресата.

5.
Close (прощание).

2. Посмотрите
на фразы, приведенные в упражнении, и распределите их по соответствующим
колонкам

Dear Sir or Madam [no name or no
close]wishesfree to get in touch* if you have any questionsall’m writing to
thank you…sincerely*a short email to inform you…the bestMr, Mrs, Msforward
to* your replywhom it may concern*me know if you need anything elseeveryoneregards*not
hesitate* to contact us if you need any assistanceyou (soon)look forward to
hearing from you:get in touch — связаться с к-либоsincerely — искренне вашlook
forward to — с нетерпением ждать concern
— касаться, иметь отношение к ч-либо

best
regards — с уважением, с
наилучшими пожеланиями.

Salutation	Opening sentence	Conclusion	Close salutation

3. Посмотрите на образец письма и соедините
цифры с соответствующими английскими названиями частей электронного письма

NOTE: Все электронные письма можно разделить на
две группы: деловые, официальные и личные, неофициальные. В зависимости от
того, кому адресовано письмо (работодателю, начальнику, коллеге по бизнесу или
другу, приятелю, хорошо знакомому коллеге по работе) выбираются соответствующие
фразы и выражения. Изучите список фраз, которые используются в деловых и личных
письмах.

Formal emails

Informal emails

Salutation: When you don’t know the name: Dear Sir or Madam To whom it may concern  When you know the name: Dear Mr, Mrs, Ms*  When writing to a group: Dear all  Opening sentence: I’m writing to inform confirm request update you This is to let you know to thank you Main part: I would like to Please find the requested information attached We hope you I do apologize for We regret to information Could/Can you please send me…? We are working on your request Conclusion: I look forward to/ Looking forward to Do not hesitate to contact us if you need any assistance I’d appreciate a reply asap Close: Your sincerely Best regards Regards Best wishes

Salutation: When you don’t know the name: Hello [no salutation]  When you know the name: John/Mary etc. [no salutation] When writing to a group: Hi everyone Opening sentence: How are you? How’s it going? Just a quick note to tell Just a short email to get in touch Writing to help Main part: Re your email, I… I’m sorry, but Thanks for… Here’s the low-down on… You’ll be happy to hear Conclusion: Please answer asap Feel free to get in touch with any questions Have a nice day/weekend Hope to hear from you soon Close: All the best Best See you Take care Buy [just the name or initials] [no close]

*Mr — господин- госпожа (обращение к замужней
женщине)- госпожа (обращение к женщине, семейное положение которой не имеет
значения)

. Для современных электронных писем характерны
различные аббревиатуры и сокращения:

отдельные слова- appointment-
advertisement

некоторые фразыthe mo — at the
moment- in other words- by the way — for
your information

. Посмотрите на приведенные примеры и
расшифруйте сокращения.

1.  appt
2. asap 3. eg 4. etc 5. info 6. pls 7. wk 8. Mon 9. Fri 10. Apr 11. Dec 12. thx
13. CU
14.LOL 15. IMO

Formal email

Informal email

1. напишите письмо коллеге по работе и подтвердите свое участие в деловой встрече, уточните время и дату встречи. 2. напишите письмо организаторам конференции и сообщите тему своего выступления. 3. напишите письмо в отель и забронируйте номер на определенную дату и попросите подтвердить возможность резервирования, а также цену номера. 4. напишите письмо своему клиенту и отмените запланированную встречу, объясните причину, извинитесь и назначьте новую встречу.

· напишите письмо одногруппнику и узнайте расписание занятий. · напишите письмо маме, расскажите что-нибудь о себе. · напишите письмо другу или подруге и договоритесь о вечеринке. · напишите письмо хорошо знакомому коллеге и расскажите о предстоящей командировке.

GLOSSARY

1. according
to smth — согласно ч-либо

2. adopt
a decree
— принимать указ

3. approve
a bill
— одобрять законопроект

4. be
in charge
of smth/doing
smth — возглавлять
ч-либо, нести ответственность за ч-либо

5. bring
charges against
smb — выдвигать
обвинения против к-либо

6. by
means
of
smth
— по средствам ч-либо, с помощью ч-либо

7.
consider a law — рассматривать
закон

8. cover
the questions — охватывать вопросы

9.
create legislation — создавать закон

10.define basic
principles of the constitution — определять основные принципы конституции

11.enter
a
post
— вступать в должность

12.establish
the
principle
of
independence,
irremovability
and
immunity
— устанавливать принцип независимости, несменяемости и неприкосновенности

13.functions
of
supervision
and
control
— функции
надзора
и
контроля

14.handle
questions — решать вопросы

15.implement
judicial
power
— осуществлять судебную власть

16.law-making
body — законодательный
орган

17.make
amendments — вносить поправки

18.override
the veto
— отменять вето

19.pass
a law
— принять закон

20.reach a
compromise — прийти к компромиссу

21.reject
a bill
-отклонять законопроект

22.rights and
freedoms of a human and a citizen — права и свободы человека и гражданина

23.take
an
oath
— принимать
присягу

24.the
principle of equality before law — принцип равенства перед законом

25.the supreme
law — высший закон

КРАТКИЙ ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК

1. ТВЕРДЫЙ ПОРЯДОК СЛОВ

Для правильного перевода очень
важно выяснить функцию английского слова и каким членом предложения оно
является. Этому в значительной мере помогает так называемый твердый порядок
слов английского предложения.

В отличие от русского языка в
английском языке подлежащее, сказуемое, дополнение обычно стоят в строгой
последовательности одно за другим, как бы являются «костяком» предложения ПСД
(Подлежащее, Сказуемое, Дополнение). Обстоятельства, как правило, стоят до или
после «костяка». Определение не имеет постоянного места в предложении и может
находиться рядом с любым членом предложения, который требует определения.

Исходя из вышеизложенного,
можем себе представить следующую схему расположения членов предложения в
английском языке:

2. СТЕПЕНИ СРАВНЕНИЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ И НАРЕЧИЙ

ПЕРЕВОДИТСЯ:

Положительная прилагательным, наречием

степень в положительной степени- сильный, -ая,
-ое- поздно

для односложных

Сравнительная + er

степень прилагательным, наречием

для многосложных с суффиксом — ее

more + stronger
— сильнее, later- позднее,

less more (less) useful — более
(менее)

полезный

Превосходная + для односложных

степень + est

для многосложных прилагательным с суффиксом

(the) most + -ейший, наречием с суффиксом-ее +
всего (всех)

(the) strongest — сильнейший,самый

сильный,(the) latest — позднее всего,

самый (наименее) + прилагательноеmost (least)
useful — самый (на-

именее) полезный.

ГЛАГОЛ. ОСНОВНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА

to
V V2f
V3f
V+ing

СИСТЕМА ВРЕМЕН ГЛАГОЛА

TENSE	VOICE
Key	Name	Signal words	Active	Passive
Facts	Present Simple	Usually, always, sometimes, seldom, every day…	V or V+s (he, she, it)	am is + V(3f) are
	Past Simple	Yesterday, last…., ….ago, in 1997, the other day…	V+ ed (2f)	was 5were + V(3f)
	Future Simple	Tomorrow, next…., in some time, one of these days…	shall will + V	shall, will + be + V(3f)
Process	Present Progressive	Now, at this moment	am is + Ving are	am is being + V(3f) are
	Past Progressive	Yesterday at 3 o’ clock, all day long, when, while…	was were + Ving	was were + being + V(3f)
	Future Progresive	Tomorrow at 3 o’clock, all day tomorrow, while…	shall will + be + Ving	_
Result	Present Perfect	Already, just, yet, ever, this week, year, month, lately, recently…	have has + V(3f)	have has + been + V(3f)
	Past Perfect	Before, after, by the end of last year,hardly. . .when	had + V(3f)	had been + V(3f)
	Future Perfect	By next week…	shall will + have + V(3f)	shall +have + been will +V(3f)
Period	Present Perfect Progressive	Since, for a year.., how long?	have has + been + Ving	_
	Past Perfect Progressive	For some time before … when (as)	had + been + Ving	_
	Future Perfect Progressive	For some time by next May…	shall have + been will + Ving	_

СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

1.
Marcel Berlins,
Clare Dyer.
The Law Machine, London, Penguin books, Fifth
Edition, 2000

.
Geoffrey Rivlin. Understanding the Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press, Fourth
Edition, 2006

.
Richard Powell. Law Today. Longman Group UK Ltd.,1993

4.
Электронные ресурсы:

http://www.worldlingo.com

’http://www.WestsEncyclopedia
<> of American Law Answers.com

<http://www/>.Wikipedia.com://www.funquizcards.com

<http://www.gourt.com/>

<http://www.jobsearch.about.com/>

<http://www.legalcareers.about.com/>

<http://www.your-career-change.com/>

<http://www.wikihow.com/>

<http://www.career.vt.edu/>

<http://www.blgs.gov.hmt/>

<http://www.answers.com/>
— энциклопедия

<http://www.educationworld.com/a_lesson/dailylp/dailylp/dailylp081.shtml>
— lesson plan “Crazy Laws: There Must Have Been a Good Reason?”

<http://loonylaws.com/> —
Loony Laws (outrageous city ordinances and silly state statutes).

<http://archive.kremlin.ru/eng/articles/ConstIntro01.shtml>
— President of Russia (official website). The Constitution of Russia.

<http://www.whitehouse.gov/our-government/legislative-branch>
— the White House website.

<http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/laws/>
— UK Parliament website.

http://gup.narod.ru/laba3/Ponjatie/PonEmailn.htm#1
<http://gup.narod.ru/laba3/Ponjatie/PonEmailn.htm> — Понятие об
электронной почте.

Rebecca Chapman. Oxford Business
English. English for Emails. Express Series.